Echinodorus

Echinodorus, commonly known as burhead or Amazon sword, is a genus of plants in the family Alismataceae, native to the Western Hemisphere from the central United States to Argentina. Its scientific name is derived from Ancient Greek ' – "rough husk" - and ' – "leathern bottle" - alluding to ovaries, which in some species are armed with persistent styles, forming prickly head of fruit. Some of the species are commonly cultivated in artificial aquatic habitats.

Description
The plants are annual or perennial, growing emersed, floating-leaved, or seasonally submersed, leaves glabrous to stellate-pubescent; rhizomes present or absent; stolons absent; corms absent; tubers absent. Roots not septate. Leaves sessile or petiolate; petioles triangular, rarely terete; blade with translucent markings as dots or lines present or absent, linear to lanceolate to ovate, base attenuate to cordate, margins entire or undulating, apex obtuse to acute. Inflorescences racemes or panicles, rarely umbels, of 1–18 whorls, erect or decumbent, emersed; bracts coarse, apex obtuse to acute, surfaces smooth or papillose along veins, apex obtuse to acute. Flowers bisexual, subsessile to pedicellate; bracts subtending pedicels, subulate to lanceolate, shorter than to longer than pedicels, apex obtuse to acute; pedicels ascending to recurved; receptacle convex; sepals recurved to spreading, herbaceous to leathery, sculpturing absent; petals white, entire; stamens 9–25; filaments linear, glabrous; pistils 15–250 or more, spirally arranged on convex receptacle, forming head, distinct; ovules 1; style terminal or lateral. Fruits plump, often longitudinally ribbed, sometimes flattened, rarely abaxially keeled, abaxial wings absent, lateral wings absent, glands often present.

Cultivation
Echinodorus are by nature marsh and bog plants that can grow submersed. Many species are grown in aquariums. They prefer good light and grow best in a deep, nutrient-rich substrate. Most will grow in variable water conditions, though the majority need tropical or sub-tropical temperature ranges. Propagation is by division or by adventitious new plants developing on submerged flowering stems. The larger species make magnificent specimen plants for the larger aquarium, though they may form aerial leaves in good conditions. If the inflorescence forms submersed, small plantlets will form instead of flowers. If grown emersed and kept humid, flowers and seeds will normally readily form. The seeds can be grown in damp sand in warm, damp conditions. Additional CO2 often helps in strong growth.

Many species are popular in the aquarium or pond. The Amazon sword plants are one of the most popular aquarium plants for their attractive form and general hardiness.

A submerged culture system was developed for rapid micropropagation of this commercially important aquarium plant, ‘Amazon sword’ (Echinodorus ‘Indian Red’).

Taxonomy
The genus Baldellia seems to be very closely related. In the latest revision by Karel Rataj, 62 species, 2 subspecies, and 2 varieties are listed.

All species of Echinodorus are variable according to whether they are growing emersed or submerged and their growing conditions. In addition they can hybridise in the wild or through artificial means. Many forms have been given subspecific status or as named forms in the aquarium trade. Accoording to aquarists some of these forms persist in all growing conditions.

Species
As of May 2014, 30 species are accepted by authorities at Kew Royal Botanic Gardens: Included in the list below are names accepted in previous versions but now regarded as synonyms.
 * 1) Echinodorus angustifolius Rataj - syn of Helanthium bolivianum (Rusby) Lehtonen & Myllys
 * 2) Echinodorus argentinensis Rataj - syn of Echinodorus grandiflorus (Cham. & Schltdl.) Micheli
 * 3) Echinodorus aschersonianus Graebn. - syn of Echinodorus uruguayensis Arechav
 * 4) Echinodorus berteroi (Spreng.) Fassett - from South Dakota to Argentina
 * 5) Echinodorus bleherae or E. bleheri Rataj - syn of Echinodorus grisebachii Small
 * 6) Echinodorus bracteatus Micheli - from Nicaragua to Ecuador
 * 7) Echinodorus cordifolius (L.) Griseb. - from Illinois to Paraguay
 * 8) Echinodorus cylindricus Rataj - Brazil
 * 9) Echinodorus decumbens Kasselm . - Brazil
 * 10) Echinodorus densinervis Somogyi - Brazil
 * 11) Echinodorus eglandulosus Rataj - Brazil
 * 12) Echinodorus emersus Lehtonen - Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia
 * 13) Echinodorus floribundus (Seub.) Seub. - Veracruz to Argentina
 * 14) Echinodorus gabrielii Rataj - Brazil
 * 15) Echinodorus glaucus Rataj - Brazil, Bolivia
 * 16) Echinodorus grandiflorus (Cham. & Schltdl.) Micheli - Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina, Venezuela, Florida
 * 17) Echinodorus grisebachii Small - from Nicaragua to Brazil
 * 18) Echinodorus heikobleheri Rataj - Brazil
 * 19) Echinodorus horizontalis Rataj - from Guyana to Peru
 * 20) Echinodorus inpai Rataj - Brazil
 * 21) Echinodorus isthmicus Fassett - syn of Helanthium bolivianum (Rusby) Lehtonen & Myllys
 * 22) Echinodorus lanceolatus Rataj - Brazil
 * 23) Echinodorus longipetalus Micheli - from Suriname to Argentina
 * 24) Echinodorus longiscapus Arechav. - Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay
 * 25) Echinodorus macrocarpus Rataj - syn of Echinodorus pubescens (Mart. ex Schult.f.) Seub. ex Warm. - Brazil
 * 26) Echinodorus macrophyllus (Kunth) Micheli - Brazil, Bolivia
 * 27) Echinodorus major (Micheli) Rataj - Brazil
 * 28) Echinodorus nymphaeifolius (Griseb.) Buchenau - syn of Albidella nymphaeifolia (Griseb.) Pichon
 * 29) Echinodorus opacus Rataj - syn of Echinodorus uruguayensis Arechav
 * 30) Echinodorus osiris Rataj - syn of Echinodorus uruguayensis Arechav
 * 31) Echinodorus ovalis C.Wright - syn of Echinodorus cordifolius (L.) Griseb
 * 32) Echinodorus palaefolius (Nees & Mart.) J.F.Macbr. - Nayarit, Minas Gerais
 * 33) Echinodorus paniculatus Micheli in A.L.P.de Candolle & A.C.P.de Candolle - from Mexico to Argentina
 * 34) Echinodorus reptilis Lehtonen - Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay
 * 35) Echinodorus scaber Rataj - from Nicaragua to Paraguay
 * 36) Echinodorus subalatus (Mart. ex Schult.f.) Griseb. - from Mexico to Paraguay; also Cuba
 * 37) Echinodorus tenellus (Mart. ex Schult.f.) Buchenau - syn of Helanthium tenellum (Mart. ex Schult.f.) J.G.Sm. in N.L.Britton
 * 38) Echinodorus trialatus Fassett - Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil
 * 39) Echinodorus tunicatus Small - from Costa Rica to Bolivia
 * 40) Echinodorus uruguayensis Arechav. - Chile, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, Brazil
 * 41) Echinodorus virgatus (Hook. & Arn.) Micheli - syn of Echinodorus palifolius (Nees & Mart.) J.F.Macbr