Ejen

Ejen (Manchu: ; Chinese: 額真 or 主) is a Manchu word literally meaning "lord" or "master". It was used during the Qing dynasty of China to refer to leaders or officials of the Eight Banners or the Emperors of the Qing dynasty as the supreme leaders of the Eight Banners system.

History
The term can be traced back to the Later Jin dynasty before 1636. At this time, ejen was a borrowed word from Mongolian, meaning "lord" or "master". During the Later Jin dynasty the objects referred to by the term ejen in Manchu were originally diverse. For example, after the establishment of the Eight Banners system in the early 17th century, the term was used in the official names of the Eight Banners, such as Gūsa ejen, Meiren-i ejen, Jalan ejen, and Niru ejen. At this time Jurchens (later became known as the Manchus) commonly used Khan to refer to the sovereign, and ejen was rarely used in this sense. Even when it was used with this meaning, it appeared in general expressions such as gurun i/de ejen ("lord of/in the country"), and it was also used to the refer to the Mongol khans and the Emperor of the Ming dynasty. But by 1634, the term ejen in the official names of the Eight Banners mentioned above, except for the highest-level Gūsa ejen, was changed to janggin (meaning "general"), such as Meiren-i janggin, Jalan janggin, and Niru janggin. After the Ming-Qing transition, ejen began to become a title for the emperor of the Qing dynasty who was the supreme leader of the Eight Banners system, along with titles like the Son of Heaven and Huangdi. The word was often used by Bannermen officials to refer to the emperor of the Qing dynasty during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor, and by this time it was rarely used as a common noun to refer to the "master" of various groups. Since the relationship between Bannermen officials and the Emperors was comparable to that between "master and servant" in a household, Bannermen officials often used the term Booi Aha or Nucai (meaning "servant") for self-address at court when addressing the Emperor.

Ranks

 * Gūsa ejen, meaning "master of a banner", later Sinicised to become dutong , meaning "colonel";
 * Evolved into zongbing, meaning "chief commander";
 * Then into amba janggin (Их занги), meaning "grand general";
 * Then into jinkini hafan, meaning "prime officer";
 * Which was finally Sinicised to become zi, meaning "viscount".
 * Meiren-i ejen, meaning "vice master", Sinicised to become fu dutong , meaning "vice colonel";
 * Evolved into fujiang, meaning "vice general";
 * Then into meiren-i janggin (Мэйрэний занги), meaning "vice general";
 * Then into ashan-i hafan, meaning "vice officer";
 * Which was finally Sinicised to become nan, meaning "baron".
 * Jalan ejen, meaning "master of a sub-banner", Sinicised to become canling , meaning "staff captain";
 * Evolved into canjiang, meaning "staff general", or youji , meaning "vanguard" or "skirmish leader";
 * Then into jalan janggin (Залангийн занги), meaning "general of a sub-banner";
 * Then into adaha hafan, meaning "chariot officer";
 * Which was finally Sinicised to become qingche duwei, meaning "master commandant of light chariot".
 * Niru ejen, meaning "master of an arrow" (an "arrow" was a basic unit of a banner army), later Sinicised to become zuoling , meaning "assistant captain";
 * Evolved into beiyu, meaning "rearguard";
 * Then into niru janggin (Сумын занги), meaning "general of an arrow";
 * Then into baitalabura hafan, meaning "adjutant officer";
 * Which was finally Sinicised to become ji duwei, meaning "master commandant of cavalry".