Erik Olssen

Erik Newland Olssen (born 14 December 1941) is a New Zealand historian whose research focuses on the linkages between social structures, politics, and the world of ideas at four spatial domains – the local, provincial, national and global. His early research examined labour history, especially the working-class mobilisation in New Zealand from 1880 to 1940 and included a study of Caversham, regarded as one of the most industrialised areas of New Zealand at that time. He has published several articles and monographs, including a biography of John A. Lee, and a history of Otago. Olssen was an academic in the Department of History at the University of Otago from 1969 until his retirement in 2002, when he was conferred with the title of emeritus professor.

Early life, education and career
Olssen was born in Hamilton on 14 December 1941. He was educated at King's High School in Dunedin from 1955 to 1960, being inducted into the school's Hall of Fame in 2021. In 1964 Olssen graduated from the University of Otago with a Bachelor of Arts and with Master of Arts (1st Class Honours) in 1965, both in history and political science. His master's thesis, John Alexander Lee: the stormy petrel: his ideas, their inspiration and influence and his attempts to translate his ideas into legislation, was completed in 1965. After five years at Duke University, he completed a doctorate, a study of Dissent from Normalcy: Congressional Progressivism, 1918–25 and was awarded his PhD in 1970. While at Duke he also took several papers in sociology and spent a period in 1967 at a summer school at Cornell, funded by the Mathematical Association of America to study the relevance of mathematics and statistics to various historical issues. At Duke, he met and married the socialist feminist historian Andrée Lévesque, with whom he returned to New Zealand.

In 1969, Olssen was recruited to the University of Otago as a lecturer by the head of history, Angus Ross. He was promoted to associate professor in 1978, and to a personal chair in 1984. He was head of the Department of History from 1989 to 1993 and 2000 to 2002. On his retirement in 2002 he was appointed emeritus professor.

Development and impact as a social historian
Olssen's father was a historian and a socialist, who instilled in him a respect for evidence-based scholarship. He became interested in labour politics in the 1970 and 1980s because he felt socialism offered a way toward justice and equality in New Zealand and his involvement in the working-class Caversham branch of the Labour Party, allowed him to study the development and mobilisation of a working-class community.

His work on John A. Lee as the subject of his thesis, showed Olssen there was little historiography related to the development of socialism in New Zealand at the time, and at Cornell in 1967 Olssen studied the new social history through the lens of "economics, statistics, game theory, [and] sociology", and has credited this time as being influential in his development as a social historian able to write the history of ordinary people. On his return to New Zealand, much of Olssen's research explored the development of social structures in the country from the early nineteenth century until 1940, specifically examining how "politics, society, ideas, culture, and economics [affected] the lives of individuals and their societies". This focus on social history that explored class and social relationships, was said by historian Jock Phillips to be an area pioneered by Olssen. According to Tony Ballantyne and Brian Moloughney from the University of Otago, Olssen's work significantly shaped understandings of "New Zealand's political traditions, intellectual culture and social formations".

Towards a History of the European Family in New Zealand co-authored by Olssen in 1978, was seen by two New Zealand historians Bronwyn Labrum and Bronwyn Dalley as being influential in shifting the historiography of New Zealand toward more of a "social historical approach". In acknowledging that comment, Olssen explained that the article had resulted from him coming into contact with feminism because research by his co-author Andrée Lévesque into women's history had uncovered much that was unrecognised. He said it was timely to draw on work he had done in the U.S. to write about the impact of the family historically in New Zealand. In 1978, when Olssen wrote an essay in The Gendered Kiwi , one writer stated that it indicated a shift in position by Olseen toward recognising the need for further research into the family as a primary site where gender is constructed.

In 2008 the New Zealand media published a claim by John Stenhouse, an associate professor at the University of Otago that the country's history was being distorted by "secular and left-liberal" historians, such as Olssen and Keith Sinclair to push their own agendas. Olssen called the claim "either unfair or disingenuous or both" but noted that he had often discussed whether New Zealand was a Christian country with the associate professor and there was some agreement that Christianity had influenced in shaping the values of New Zealand. In an earlier piece Stenhouse had critiqued New Zealand historiography and religion and developed a "secularization thesis", citing as an example Olssen's position that Edward Gibbon Wakefield's social experiment in New Zealand "left little room for religion". In the same article, Stenhouse contended that Olssen's work with Andrée Lévesque in 1978 on the development of the European family in New Zealand, reflected "second wave feminist antipathy toward patriarchy" when they portrayed the churches and clergy in Otago as providing justification for the patriarchal values in the family, community and wider New Zealand society.

Provincial history: Otago 1800–1920
In his study of Otago, Olssen explored the history of the province from the relationships between Māori and colonists from Britain that, in the early nineteenth century, resulted in a culturally-respectful regional settlement with a provincial identity, through its development as a centre in which skilled and unskilled workers became active in advocating for improved working conditions and consolidated the unionised working class as a potential political influence. One reviewer said this interpretation of the development of a working class by Olssen was significant because it situated him in later writings as a historian with the position that class was important in the political development of New Zealand. The history also explored the influence of the rise of Darwinian biology that challenged the biblical view of creation and developed intellectual credibility at the University of Otago where agnosticism and scientific methodology were valued resulting in the work of Dr Fredrick Truby King and the establishment of the Plunket Society.

Establishment and the early years
From 1975 until 1901, Olssen was Principal Investigator of this project, with the Caversham Borough chosen as the study area, because the adult population could be largely reconstructed from electoral rolls and the Census-reported population totals. The background of the project was within a debate about the role of social class in New Zealand and the purpose was to systematically measure the extent of social and geographical mobility in Caversham borough. Olssen had studied similar topics while undertaking his PhD at Duke University.

But the project struggled for funding until 1994 and there were challenges involved in creating a statistical database of all adults who lived in the suburb. This made it difficult to ascertain if the occupational structure in Caversham was typical of New Zealand in general, and the extent to which the social–occupational structure in urban New Zealand was comparable to those in other capitalist-industrial societies. Nevertheless, the researchers concluded that local case studies could identify occupational structure and mobility in New Zealand, a position supported by Criminologist Greg Newbold. Jock Phillips noted in Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand that Olssen's work in Caversham was significant during a time when historians were studying social history in the country.

Publications
The Skilled Workers: Journeymen and Masters in Caversham, 1880–1914 (1988). Co-authored by Olssen, this was the first systematic study of mobility in the New Zealand Journal of History. This article informed the investigation of the role played by skilled workers in the process of class formation and how this shaped later political developments in New Zealand. The Power of the Shop Culture: The Labour Process in the New Zealand Railway Workshops 1890–1930 (1992). Written by Olssen and Jeremy Brecher, this article reflected their research into the building and engineering trades and challenged the idea that large-scale industry inevitably reduced skilled workers' agency, showing that those employed at Hillside Engineering enjoyed and maintained almost complete control over the labour process, [and] "their skill...gave them a sense of identity and pride".

Building the New World: work, politics and society in Caversham, 1880s–1920s (1995). This publication was authored by Olssen following the project receiving considerable funding from the Foundation for Research, Science and Technology. One reviewer saw it as representing a change in focus for Olssen from unskilled to skilled workers at a local rather than a national level. Raewyn Dalziel of The University of Auckland held that Olssen's acquaintance with "feminist and post-modern theory" positioned him to analyse the role of women in "work, politics and society", acknowledging he used reliable sources that showed data for most women were excluded if they did not work for wages. Questions did remain for the writer about whether some of the strong statements made by Olssen about perceptions of women at the time added value to the study, with the suggestion that at the very least the evidence needed to be reconsidered to ascertain if exclusions could "point to inclusions and alternative meanings". Len Richardson, a labour and sports historian at the University of Canterbury, suggested that Olssen's study was significant because it traced the process by which the women of the Caversham community were enabled to gain skilled training and more independence in their lives.

Sites of Gender: Women, Men & Modernity in Southern Dunedin, 1890–1939 (2003). Olssen assembling a larger multidisciplinary team in the late 1990s to analyse women's experience and the role of gender in structuring society, resulting in the publication of this book. Olssen took the position that the mobilisation of the workforce in the 1880s had many egalitarian aspects including the formation of some of the first women's unions, and women became increasingly confident and independent. A reviewer said a key theme of the book, borne out in the chapter by Olssen, was that during this "period of construction of new family forms, declining birth rates and enhanced expectations about the health and education of children, and Southern Dunedin men and women shared in all three". Patricia Grimshaw of the University of Melbourne said the editors of the book had placed gender at the centre of an analysis of work in Caversham, and Olssen's contribution was a meta narrative that stressed the "change and continuities of gendering in work."

Class, Gender and the Vote (2005). This book was the result of a collaboration between some members of the team and a group of academics at the University of Canterbury headed by Professor Miles Fairburn. Olssen co-edited the book and contributed the chapter Marriage Patterns in Dunedin's Southern Suburbs, 1881–1938 which continued to explore the decisions young women made around work and marriage, which Olssen said, were influenced by higher levels of education and more awareness of debates and movements in the wider world related to women's rights. Class and Occupation: The New Zealand Reality (2005). A reviewer said while the book was well-researched and very detailed, it was more likely to be of interest to specialists in the field of "demographics and census data...[than]...the general reader".

'An Accidental Utopia? Social Mobility and the Foundations of an Egalitarian Society, 1880–1940 (2010).' Olssen co-authored this as the fourth book published by the Caversham Project. It was noted in the Preface that the work marked a return to the project's key objective: the identification of the extent of both work life and inter-generational occupational mobility; the relationship (if any) between levels of mobility and political behaviour; and mobility's larger social significance. Jim McAloon from Victoria University of Wellington agreed that the relationship between social mobility and class was a major sociological debate. He acknowledged the authors' view that a case study such as the Caversham Project can show the interrelated nature of class, gender and race in developing a frame of reference which allowed valid contributions to the discourse, although discussions of rural occupations could have more strongly informed the model of class they deployed. Sociologist Peter Davis said the book used "detailed historical and quantitative analysis of information" and developed an argument about "the social structure and urban expression of a new settler society". Writing in the Otago Daily Times Geoffrey Vine, a journalist and Presbyterian minister, noted Olssen's radicalism and "socialist aspirations" and suggested it remained open to debate whether or not the book answered the question in its title. Another reviewer held that the data-based approach of the authors made a strong case that social class was important in New Zealand history, but questioned whether the class structures in New Zealand explored in the book remained those in the twenty first century.

Movement and Persistence: A Case Study of Southern Dunedin in Global Context (2011). This was a paper submitted by Olssen to Building Attachment in Families (2011), a funded project managed by the Centre for Research, Evaluation and Social Assessment (CRESA), with the goal of identifying how communities are built and sustained to create family wellbeing and manage problems of transience. Olssen used data confirming that within the suburb there were high levels of fluidity and social mixing of the population.

Working Lives c.1900 A Photographic Essay  was launched in August 2014 by Dave Cull a former mayor of Dunedin. The Otago Daily Times said Working Lives showed insight into the life of working-class people in what has become recognized as the first industrial suburb in New Zealand, The Otago Settlers News acknowledged that the quality of the photographs which had been collected from a range of sources including  the Hocken Collections and the Alexander Turnbull Library in Wellington. Another reviewer said that while Olssen invited the reader "to engage with both the richness and limitations of the photographers' gaze", a lack of images related to "household work or child-raising; work-place injuries and ill-health", portrayed a narrow definition of work. As the last publication arising from the Caversham Project, the book was seen as a reminder of a diverse past, "not always quaint and pretty, but not a wasteland either". When interviewed about Working Lives Olssen said that in the 1870s and 80s "the values and habits of life that evolved among the working men and women" in Dunedin were also reflected nationally. In Landfall magazine freelance writer, reviewer, artist, and musician James Dignan agreed with this position. Revisiting the history of organized labour in Dunedin in the book, Olssen, suggested that the formation of the first women's union and the general acceptance by middle-class people for unions, resulted in workers actively supporting the development of an independent Labour Party.

Demographics
Olssen was on the Steering Panel for Our Futures Te Pae Tāwhiti The 2013 census and New Zealand's changing population (2014) a paper published by the Council of the Royal Society of New Zealand. Following the release of the paper, Olssen said in the Otago Daily Times that the data from the 2013 Census showed an imbalance in the country with Auckland growing at a much faster rate than some other regions, particularly those in rural areas. He concluded that not only was this contributing toward feelings of resentment, but also meant that ratepayers in areas with less growth could struggle to financially maintain infrastructure, including that required to ensure satisfactory levels of service "for an ageing and possibly dwindling population". In a follow-up document, the Health sub report (2015), Olssen discussed demographic trends relating to mortality, morbidity, and fertility in New Zealand, evaluated health services and explored the determinants of health.

Further journal articles

 * Mr Wakefield and New Zealand as an Experiment in Post-Enlightenment Experimental Practice (1997).


 * Where to From Here? Reflections on the Twentieth-Century Historiography of Nineteenth-Century New Zealand (1992). Historian Giselle Byrnes, noted in the New Oxford Dictionary (2009) that in the paper, Olssen made "a strong case for more local studies to show variance within generalised histories".


 * Truby King and the Plunket Society: An Analysis of a Prescriptive Ideology (1981).


 * The Working Class in New Zealand (1974).

Book reviews and media contributions

 * A peculiarly contemporary figure (1991). Olssen reviewed two books written by K.R. Howe about Edward Tregear, a significant contributor to New Zealand's social and political history during the 1880s.
 * Self-reliant in Victorian New Zealand (1995). This is a review of Nearly Out of Hope and Heart: The puzzle of a colonial labourer's Diary.
 * Public postures, private lives (1999). This is Olssen's review of books about two significant members of the New Zealand labour movement, James Edwards and Jock Barnes
 * Tribute to Michael King (2004).
 * The New Zealand Family from 1840: A Demographic History (2008).
 * Recalling Dunedin's dark days (2008). In an interview to reconsider the effect of the Great Depression on New Zealand, Olssen claimed it was mainly caused by the central Government retrenching to cut spending and borrowing resulting in high levels of unemployment, for which little responsibility was taken leaving it to "local communities...to provide soup kitchens and depots for food, clothing and coal". Olssen noted that even after the passing of the Unemployment Act (1930), the Dunedin City Council and the Otago Hospital Board took most of the responsibility for supporting the unemployed.
 * Graduates facing 'greater challenges(2012). On 27 August 2012, in his presentation to graduates from the University of Otago, Olssen highlighted the differences in the world at the time from when he was a student fifty years previously.
 * Hillary stands atop summit of NZ fame (2013). In 2013, sixty years after Edmund Hillary had conquered Mount Everest, Olssen contributed to the discussion about how the mountaineer ranked among New Zealand's heroes.
 * What we need is a melting pot (2015).
 * Simplicity compounds ignorance (2019).
 * History in the making: the battle over the new school curriculum(2021).

Distinctions

 * Trustee of the Turnbull Endowment Trust since 1986 and a member of the Special Committee Alexander Turnbull until it closed in 2003
 * Fellow of the New Zealand Academy of the Humanities (2008)
 * Fellow of the Hoken Library (2007)''
 * Member of Cultural Heritage Advisory Group (2006)
 * Distinguished Fulbright Fellow (2004)
 * Chair of the Humanities and Peer Review Law Panel for the first-round of the Performance Based Research Fund 2003.
 * James Cook Research Fellow (2001)
 * Fellow of the Royal Society of New Zealand (1998)
 * Advisory Committee for the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography (1983–1996)
 * Dunedin City Council Sesquicentennial Publications Committee (1995–1998)
 * Member Social Science Advisory Committee of Foundation for Research, Science & Technology (1997–2000)
 * Member Otago Goldfields Park Advisory Committee (1977–1984)
 * History Curriculum Committee (1983–1988)

Honours and awards
In the 2002 Queen's Birthday and Golden Jubilee Honours List, Olssen was awarded The Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit (O.N.Z.M.) for services to historical research.

Olssen received the Te Rangi Hiroa Medal in 2001.

Olssen's publication Building the New World: work, politics and society in Caversham, 1880s–1920s, won the J.E. Sherrard Prize, 1996.

In 1978 Olssen's book John A. Lee was placed 2nd in the Goodman Fielder Wattie Book Awards.

The Erik Olssen Prize named in recognition of Olssen's work as a historian, is awarded biennially by The New Zealand Historical Association for the best first book by an author on any aspect of New Zealand History.