Euryale ferox



Euryale ferox, commonly known as prickly waterlily,  makhana or Gorgon plant, is a species of water lily found in southern and eastern Asia, and the only extant member of the genus Euryale. The edible seeds, called fox nuts or makhana are dried, and eaten predominantly in Asia.

Taxonomy
Euryale ferox is a member of the water lily family Nymphaeaceae. The separate family Euryalaceae J.Agardh was proposed in 1858, a classification which has ultimately been rejected. Unlike other water lilies, the pollen grains of Euryale have three nuclei.

Etymology
The genus is named after a mythical Greek Gorgon, Euryale.

The specific epithet ferox means fierce or ferocious.

Distribution
Euryale ferox is a perennial plant native to eastern Asia and southern Asia, and is found from northeast India to Korea and Japan, as well as parts of eastern Russia.

Recently, it has also been recorded in Serbia, Europe. It was likely dispersed to Serbia through migrating birds.

Description
It grows in water, producing bright purple flowers. The leaves are large and round and peltate, often more than a meter (3 feet) across, with a leaf stalk attached in the centre of the lower surface. The underside of the leaf is purplish, while the upper surface is green. The leaves have a quilted texture, although the stems, flowers, and leaves which float on the surface are covered in sharp prickles. Other leaves are submerged. In India, Euryale normally grows in ponds and wetlands.

Reproduction
Self pollination can occur in Euryale ferox. Pollen is known to be released prior to the opening of the flower. The majority of Euryale ferox flowers are cleistogamous, with the additional occurrence of chasmogamous flowers.

Cytology
The chromosome count is n = 29. The genome size is 870.42 Mb.

Culinary
The plant produces starchy white seeds that are edible. The plant is cultivated for its seeds in lowland ponds in India, China, and Japan. The Chinese have cultivated the plant for centuries. More than 96,000 hectares of Bihar, India, were set aside for cultivation of Euryale in 1990–1991. The Indian state of Bihar produces 90% of the world's fox nuts. The plant grows best in locations with hot, dry summers and cold winters. Seeds are collected in the late summer and early autumn, and may be eaten raw or cooked.

In the northern and western parts of India, Euryale ferox seeds are often roasted or fried, which causes them to pop like popcorn. These are then eaten, often with a sprinkling of oil and spices. They are also used in other types of cooking, especially to make a porridge or pudding called kheer.

Evidence from archaeobotany indicates that Euryale ferox was a frequently collected wild food source during the Neolithic period in the Yangtze region, with large numbers of finds coming from the sites of Kuahuqiao, Hemudu, and Tianluoshan. The earliest recorded use of E. ferox was found in Gesher Benot Ya'aqov, Israel, among artifacts of the Acheulean culture 750–790,000 years ago.

The seeds are used in Cantonese soup.

Traditional medicine
The seeds of foxnut are used in Ayurveda preparations and in traditional Chinese medicine.

Conservation status
It is classified on the Red List of endangered plants in Japan and given the designation "vulnerable". It is classified as species of Least Concern (LC) by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. However, a population decline on the global scale has been reported. It is considered to Endangered in South Korea.