Ferrari Colombo engine

The Ferrari Colombo Engine was a petrol fueled, water cooled, carburetted 60° V12 engine designed by Gioacchino Colombo and produced in numerous iterations by Italian automaker Ferrari between 1947 and 1988. The maker's first homegrown engine, its linear successor is the Lampredi V12, which it far outlived, the last Lampredi being made in 1959.

Colombo, who had previously designed Alfa Romeos for Enzo Ferrari, placed bore centres at 90 mm apart, allowing for significant expansion. Displacements ranged from the diminutive 1497 cc debut that powered the 125S racer to the 4943 cc unit in the 1986 412i grand tourer. Significant updates were made in 1963 for the 330 series, featuring a redesigned block with wider, 94 mm, bore spacing.

Enzo Ferrari had long admired the V12 engines of Packard, Auto Union, and Alfa Romeo (where he was long employed), but his first car, the 1940 Auto Avio Costruzioni 815, used a Fiat derived straight-8. Development of the V12 Colombo engine continued long after Colombo had been replaced by Aurelio Lampredi as the company's marquee engine designer. Although the Lampredi V12 was a real force for the company, it was Colombo's engine which powered Ferrari to the forefront of high-performance automobiles through the 1950s and 1960s.

125
The first Ferrari-designed engine was the 1496.77 cc V12 125, the work of Gioacchino Colombo and assistants Giuseppe Busso and Luigi Bazzi. The engine's name, and the car powered by it, the 125 S sports racer, were derived from the tiny 124.73 cc 55 mm by 52.5 mm cylinders. The single overhead camshaft 60° V design had one cam on each cylinder bank, two valves per cylinder, and three 30DCF Weber carburetors. A 7.5:1 compression ratio yielded 118 PS at 6800 rpm. First appearing May 11, 1947, the engine allowed the company to claim six victories in 14 races that year.

Colombo and Ferrari had designed the engine with Formula One regulations in mind, and introduced it the next year in the company's first F1 car, the 125 F1. This time, it was supercharged, in accordance with F1 dictates, for a total output of 230 PS at 7,000 rpm. However, the single-stage Roots-type supercharger was incapable of producing the high-end power required to compete with the strong eight-cylinder Alfa Romeo 158 and four-cylinder Maserati 4CLT. Nevertheless, strong driving and a nimble chassis allowed the company to place third in its first outing, at the Valentino Grand Prix on September 5, 1948 and the company persevered in racing.

For 1949, the engine was further modified with dual overhead camshafts (though still two valves per cylinder) and a two-stage supercharger. This combination gave the car better top-end performance and the resulting 280 PS gave it five Grand Prix wins. Development continued the following year, but the problematic superchargers were dropped in favor of larger displacement and Lampredi's 275 engine superseded the original Colombo design.

Applications:
 * 1947 Ferrari 125 S &mdash; 118 PS
 * 1948 Ferrari 125 F1 &mdash; Single supercharger, 230 PS
 * 1949–1950 Ferrari 125 F1 &mdash; Dual-stage supercharger, 280 PS

58.8 mm stroke


The early 166, 195, and 212 cars used Colombo V12s of varying sizes. All shared the same 58.8 mm stroke, with 60, 65, and 68 mm bores giving displacements of 1995 cc in the 166, 2341 cc in the 195 and 2563 cc in the 212, respectively. Output ranged from 105 PS to 165 PS.

250
One of the most common Colombo engines is the 250, which debuted in 1952 in the 250S and lasted through the 1963 330 America. It used a 73 mm bore with the common Colombo stroke of 58.8 mm for a total of 2953 cc.

Beginning with the famous 250 TR, "Testa Rossa" racing car, Ferrari began a new series of modifications to the Colombo 250 engine. The spark plugs were moved to the outside of the cylinder head, near the exhausts. This enabled Ferrari to introduce separate individual intake ports to use with the six two barrel Weber carburetors. Four cylinder head bolts per cylinder were introduced (instead of three) to cope with the added power.

These changes eventually were incorporated into the Ferrari road cars, beginning with the 250 GT SWB and the 250 GT Series II Pininfarina cars.

275
The final 58.8 mm Colombo Ferrari was the 275. It used a 3286 cc variant of the V12 with a wide 77 mm bore for up to 300 PS.

330
The 1960 400 Superamerica replaced the previous model's Lampredi engine with a 3967 cc Colombo. It diverged from the standard 58.8 mm stroke with a 71 mm stroke and 77 mm bore. Output was 340 to 400 PS with triple Weber carburetors.

Although the 1963 330 series also used a 3967 cc engine with the same bore and stroke as the 400 Superamerica, this 300 PS engine was quite different. It used a wider bore spacing, paving the way for future displacement increases. The spark plugs were moved and a new water pump was used. The dynamo on the prior versions was replaced by an alternator.

Four-cam
The Colombo V12 was substantially reworked for 1967's 275 GTB/4. It still used two valves per cylinder, but dual overhead cams were now used as well. In a departure from previous Ferrari designs, the valve angle was reduced three degrees to 54° for a more-compact head. The dual camshafts also allowed the valves to be aligned "correctly" (perpendicular to the camshaft) instead of offset as in SOHC Ferraris. It was a dry-sump design with a huge 16 L capacity. The engine retained the bore and stroke dimensions of the 275 model for 3286 cc of displacement. Output was 330 PS at 8000 rpm and 240 lbft of torque at 6000 rpm with six 40 DCN 9 Weber carburetors.

365
The 330 Colombo engine was enlarged with an 81 mm bore to 4390.35 cc for 1966's 365 California, retaining single overhead cams and wet sump lubrication. A reworked engine with four camshafts was used in the GT/4 models. The 365 GTB/4 Daytona was the only 365 engined car featuring dry sump lubrication.

Applications:
 * 1966–1967 365 California
 * 1968–1970 365 GTC, 365 GTS
 * 1968–1972 365 GT 2+2
 * 1968–1973 365 GTB/4 Daytona, 365 GTS/4 Daytona
 * 1971–1972 365 GTC/4
 * 1972–1976 365 GT4 2+2

400, 412
The wet sump, four-cam, 365 Colombo engine was enlarged again to 4823.16 cc for 1976's 400 with the same 81 mm bore and a 78 mm stroke. The carburetors were replaced with Bosch K-Jetronic fuel injection in 1979. In 1986 the engine was bored to 82 mm giving a displacement of 4943.03 cc.

Applications:
 * 1976–1979 400
 * 1979–1985 400i
 * 1986–1988 412i