Free church

A free church is any Christian denomination that is intrinsically separate from government (as opposed to a state church). A free church neither defines government policy, nor accept church theology or policy definitions from the government. A free church also does not seek or receive government endorsements or funding to carry out its work. The term is only relevant in countries with established state churches. Notwithstanding that the description "free" has no inherent doctrinal or polity overtones. An individual belonging to a free church is known as a free churchperson or, historically, free churchman.

In Scandinavia, free churchpersons would include Protestant Christians who are not communicants of the majority national church, such as the Lutheran Church of Sweden.

In England, where the Church of England was the established church, other Protestant denominations such as Presbyterians, Congregationalists, Baptists, the Plymouth Brethren, Methodists and Quakers are, accordingly, free churches. In Scotland it might be used regarding any Protestant denomination, including the Free Church of Scotland, the Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland, the Reformed Presbyterian Church of Scotland etc, in distinction to the established Church of Scotland.

History
In the Middle Ages, groups like the Waldensians were in practice free churches. In 16th century Europe, within the radical movements such as the Anabaptists were free churches with small exceptions like the Münster Rebellion. Mennonites, the Amish, the Quakers and other churches maintain free church polities into the present date both in Europe and in North America.

Free churches also evolved in the US supported by the official separation of church and state, while much of Europe maintains some government involvement in religion and churches via taxation to support them and by appointing ministers and bishops etc., although free churches have been founded in Europe outside of the state system.

Anglicanism
One church in England in the Anglican tradition, has used the name 'Free Church', known as the Free Church of England. John Gifford had founded a free church in Bedford, England in 1650.

Presbyterianism
Some churches in Scotland and Northern Ireland, mainly of the splinter off Presbyterian tradition, have used the name 'Free Church'. The most important of these to persist at the present time is the Free Church of Scotland.The mainline Church of Scotland is the national church which is Presbyterian and the mother kirk for Presbyterianism all over the world,  and is not part of the "Free Church".

English dissenters and nonconformists
In England and Wales in the late 19th century the new terms "free churchman" and "Free Church" started to replace "dissenter" or Nonconformist.

Free Methodist Church
Among the Methodist Churches, calling a church "free" does not indicate any particular relation to a government. Rather the Free Methodist Church is so called because of three, possibly four, reasons, depending on the source referenced. The word "Free" was suggested and adopted because the new church was to be an anti-slavery church (slavery was an issue in those days), because pews in the churches were to be free to all rather than sold or rented (as was common), and because the new church hoped for the freedom of the Holy Spirit in the services rather than a stifling formality. However, according to World Book Encyclopedia, the third principle was "freedom" from secret and oathbound societies (in particular the Freemasons).

Radical Pietism
Denominations belonging to the International Federation of Free Evangelical Churches trace their roots to the Radical Pietist movement. Radical Pietists separated from the Lutheran Churches, which held the status of state churches in Europe.

United States
In the United States, because of the First Amendment forbidding the government establishment of religion, all churches are by definition free churches. However, many churches in the United States have requested tax-exempt status under section 501c3 of the Internal Revenue Code. This subjects the churches to certain additional regulations to maintain the tax exemption. Churches that are structured under 501(c)(3) face restrictions in the area of political speech: no substantial part of the church's activities may consist of carrying on propaganda or otherwise attempting to influence legislation. A 501(c)(3) organization is also restricted from participating or intervening in any political campaign for or against any political candidate.

Germany
In Germany, Protestant churches outside the Evangelical Church in Germany are put under a common label of, and collectively referred to, as "free churches" (Freikirchen) or "Protestant free churches" (Evangelische Freikirchen). This includes relatively new denominations like Baptists, Methodists, etc., as well as older ones like the Mennonites and Evangelical Lutheran Free Church (Germany).

China
Pew Research Center estimated in early 2010s that China has 35 million independent Protestants (mainly in house churches) and 3.3 million underground Catholics.

Sweden
In Sweden, the term free church (Swedish: frikyrka) often means any Christian Protestant denomination that is not part of the Church of Sweden, which was the Swedish state church up to 1 January 2000. This includes Baptists, Pentecostals, Methodists, etc.

Canada

 * Evangelical Free Church of Canada

Europe

 * Evangelical Lutheran Free Church

England

 * Free Church of England

Germany

 * Evangelical Lutheran Free Church (Germany)
 * Independent Evangelical-Lutheran Church
 * Union of Evangelical Free Church Congregations in Germany
 * Altapostolische Kirche (see Old Apostolic Church)

Hong Kong / China

 * Evangelical Free Church of China (based in Hong Kong)

Iceland

 * Reykjavík Free Church
 * Hafnarfjordur Free Church

Japan

 * Evangelical Free Church of Japan

Malaysia

 * Evangelical Free Church of Malaysia

Northern Ireland

 * Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster

Norway

 * Evangelical Lutheran Free Church of Norway

Scotland

 * Free Church of Scotland (1843–1900)
 * Free Church of Scotland (post-1900)
 * Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland (post-1893)
 * Free Church of Scotland (Continuing)

Singapore

 * Evangelical Free Church of Singapore

South Africa

 * New Apostolic Church
 * Old Apostolic Church

Switzerland

 * Evangelical Free Church of Geneva

Ukraine

 * Baptists in Ukraine
 * Evangelical Baptist Union of Ukraine
 * Shtundists

United States

 * Lutheran Free Church, 1897 to 1963
 * Association of Free Lutheran Congregations, 1962–present
 * Evangelical Covenant Church
 * Evangelical Free Church of America