Gopher wood



Gopher wood or gopherwood is a term used once in the Bible for the material used to construct Noah's ark. states that Noah was instructed to build the Ark of, commonly transliterated as  wood, a word not otherwise used in the Bible or the Hebrew language in general. Although some English Bibles attempt a translation, older English translations such as the King James Version (17th century) leave it untranslated. The word is unrelated to the North American animal known as the gopher.

Identity
The Greek Septuagint (3rd–1st centuries BC) translated the phrase mentioning gopher wood as ἐκ ξύλων τετραγώνων, 'out of squared timber', translating gofer as squared. Similarly, the Latin Vulgate (5th century AD) rendered it as de lignis levigatis (lævigatis, in the spelling of the Clementine Vulgate), 'of timber planks'.

The Jewish Encyclopedia states that it was most likely a translation of the Babylonian, 'cedar beams', or the Assyrian , 'reeds'. The Aramaic Targum Onkelos, considered by many Jews to be an authoritative translation of the Hebrew scripture, renders this word as, 'cedar'. The Syriac Peshitta translates this word as, 'box'.

Many modern English translations favor cypress (otherwise referred to in Biblical Hebrew as ). This was espoused (among others) by Adam Clarke, a Methodist theologian famous for his commentary on the Bible: Clarke cited a resemblance between the Greek word for cypress,, and the Hebrew word. Likewise, the Nova Vulgata (20th century) has it as de lignis cupressinis ('out of cypress wood').

Others, noting the visual similarity between the Hebrew letters g (gimel ) and k (kaf ), suggest that the word may actually be, the Hebrew word meaning 'pitch'; thus wood would be 'pitched wood'. Recent suggestions have included a lamination process (to strengthen the Ark), or a now-lost type of tree, but there is no consensus.