Gustaf Einar Du Rietz

Gustaf Einar Du Rietz (25 April 1895 – 7 March 1967) was a Swedish botanist and lichenologist. His research interests included plant ecology, lichen taxonomy, and biogeography. He was a leading figure in the Uppsala school of phytosociology–the study of groups of species of plants that are usually found together–and is recognised for his role in advancing this field of science and for mentoring future lichenologists. He led the Swedish Australasian Botanical Expedition of 1926–27, a seven-month research tour of various locations. He was married to Greta Sernander, who was also a lichenologist. During the expedition, Du Rietz and his wife researched the vegetation in New Zealand, Australia, and Java, focusing on mountain lichens and their potential as bioindicators for environmental conditions. They collected around 3000 specimens, contributing significantly to the study of bipolar lichens and forest ecology, despite challenges in processing all the samples upon return to Sweden. Several species have been named in his honour. In 1949, Du Rietz was elected to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and contributed significantly to nature conservation efforts in Sweden.

Early life and education
Gustaf Einar Du Rietz was born in Bromma on 25 April 1895. He was the second son of the CEO of Stockholms Benmjölsfabrik AB, the engineer Hjalmar Du Rietz and Charlotta Sofia Mathilda (born Kullman). His younger brother, Carl Du Rietz (1905–1986), pursued a career as a high school teacher. Du Rietz finished grade school in 1912, and became a Filosofie kandidat in 1917. The seventeen-year-old who registered at Uppsala University developed a varied interest in outdoor botany, especially in lichens and coastal areas, passions that he maintained throughout his life. He especially liked to explore the lifeforms present in the outer archipelago of the Baltic Sea and on Jungfrun, a nature reserve on the island of Gotland.

Du Rietz graduated with a licentiate degree from Uppsala University in 1921, and received an associate professorship the same year. His thesis was titled Zur methodologischen Grundlage der modernen Pflanzensoziologie (Fundamental Methods of Plant Sociology). The dissertation was translated into German and printed in Vienna for economic reasons, reflecting the scientific language preference in the Nordic countries at the time. The defence, held in Uppsala in spring 1921, was reportedly dramatic. The thesis focused on the methodological foundations of modern plant sociology, covering topics such as life forms, stratification, and the associations based on dominant species' life forms, as well as the concept of constancy and field boundary lines. Although logical and impressive for its era, the dissertation was quite schematic and faced criticism, particularly regarding the so-called Konstanzgesetze (laws of constancy, i.e., principles regarding the regular occurrence of certain plant species within specific types of vegetation communities or habitats). In 1922 Du Rietz was awarded a PhD for his work.

Academic career
One of Du Rietz's professors at Uppsala University was Rutger Sernander, a popular lecturer who pioneered the study of plant ecology at the institution. One of Du Rietz's earliest publication was on the material collected by Sernander in Norway. Du Rietz later continued Sernander's work. From 1917 to 1923, Du Rietz served as an associate assistant professor at the Department of Plant Biology. He then transitioned to the role of curator at the Botanical Museum in Uppsala, a position he held from 1924 to 1927. Du Rietz was also the leader of the biological geological work at Abisko Scientific Research Station, and general secretary of the international plant geographical excursion through Scandinavia in 1925. Du Rietz undertook several study trips within and outside Sweden, scientific expeditions to New Zealand and Australia and in his research mainly devoted on plant sociology and lichenology. In 1929 he co-founded the Svenska Växtgeografiska Sällskapet (Swedish Phytogeographical Society).

Having been a docent since 1921, in 1934 Du Rietz was appointed as both professor of plant ecology at Uppsala University (emeritus in the early 1960s), and as the director of the institute. He had served temporarily in this latter position since Sernander's retirement in November 1931. Sernander established the "Uppsala school", known for treating plant communities as tangible entities rather than abstract constructs and for advocating an empirical, inductive approach that emphasised life forms, stratification, dominance, and the significance of smaller non-flowering plants and fungi (cryptogams). This approach was primarily analytical, focusing on the analysis, characterisation, and classification of vegetation independently of habitat factors, which were to be considered subsequently. Du Rietz would later carry on the research traditions of the "Uppsala school". Du Rietz taught high-level material without being difficult to understand, and became popular among botany students. Under his supervision, the plant biology seminar flourished. According to his biographer, the Swedish plant ecologist Hugo Sjörs, Du Rietz was regarded as an inspiring academic teacher. It is reported that his students were inclined to undertake large and challenging projects, often requiring considerable time to complete. Du Rietz valued thorough documentation and comprehensive reporting of research materials. The scope of plant groups and environments studied by the students was diverse, predominantly involving field research. Although Du Rietz insisted on formal accuracy, he reportedly did not often intervene directly with the content of students' dissertations. This approach is said to have fostered a supportive environment that contributed to the development of doctoral students into independent researchers. A few of his students, Sten Ahlner, Gunnar Degelius, Torsten Hasselrot, and Rolf Santesson, later became notable lichenologists. Stig Waldheim and Ove Almborn were also influenced by the Uppsala school of phytogeography even though they were associated with Lund University.

Du Rietz resumed his international contacts on a large scale during the first major International Botanical Congress after the Second World War, in Stockholm in 1950. Einar was then responsible for the plant geography section as well as for its excursions and the many guide books for these that were published. He personally led a series of excursions: from Västergötland to Uppland, an archipelago excursion, and a very frequently visited mountain excursion in the Abisko area; in the latter, he brought a megaphone so his voice could be heard over the wind. Sjörs regarded these events as the fourth pinnacle in Du Rietz's professional career, following his doctoral dissertation, the 1925 field trip, and achieving his professorial qualifications.

After this phase of his career, Du Rietz started researching the plant genus Euphrasia (eyebrights), both local and foreign species.

Personal
In 1924, Du Rietz married Greta Sernander, daughter of Rutger Sernander, after five years of engagement. In addition to a son who died at an early age, they had three children: Kerstin, Rolf and Ingrid. They were divorced in 1951 after a few difficult years. He later remarried Margareta Witting (1920–2006) who was one of his former students. She studied the chemistry of bog water; Du Rietz would sometimes hand-squeeze microalgae out of moss and bring it to her in tubes for study.

Du Rietz died of a heart attack in Uppsala on 7 March 1967, at the age of 72. He was outdoors, walking on his way to work.

Swedish–Australasian botanical expedition
In 1926–27, Du Rietz and his wife conducted a research trip to New Zealand, including its sub-Antarctic islands, with visits to a large part of Australia and Java. The purpose of trip, known as the Swedish Australasian Botanical Expedition, was to compare vegetation across the visited countries. One of Du Rietz's research objectives was to determine whether a detailed study of mountain lichens could increase the recognised Arctic elements within New Zealand's flora. He also aimed to evaluate whether certain lichens could serve as bioindicators for assessing forest humidity levels. This research intended to identify which forest tree species could replenish areas cleared by sawmilling, the fear of a possible wood shortage was an environmental concern causing widespread anxiety in New Zealand at that time. A local newspaper report noted his interest in studying foliicolous lichens (lichens that grow on tree leaves), which are rare outside tropical regions. Du Rietz's New Zealand itinerary included the Tararua Mountains, montane research stations operated by Canterbury College, Hokitika, Mount Cook, and the fjords of northwest Otago. He was already somewhat familiar with New Zealand lichens, having previously corresponded with plant geographer Leonard Cockayne and botanist Harry Allan, the latter of whom had sent lichen samples to Du Rietz for study.

Although Greta Sernander Du Rietz was an accomplished lichenologist in her own right, she did not have any formal university training in the subject, having been taught instead by her father, who was Professor of Botany at Uppsala University. In New Zealand, she primarily collated and preserved specimens collected by her husband, and only began writing about lichens after their divorce, later in her life. The local newspaper, The Evening Post, reported Du Rietz's visit, and described him as "virtually the founder of the important Swedish school of ecology" and "probably the foremost expert regarding lichens".

The New Zealand part of the trip was coordinated by Leonard Cockayne, working for the New Zealand State Forest Service. Du Rietz had also corresponded with Henry A. Gleason, who had sent him lichen samples for identification in 1925. Du Rietz returned with about 3,000 specimens that he was unable to fully process due to his academic commitments in Sweden. Nevertheless, some of his collections were included in Adolf Hugo Magnusson's 1943 report, and his collections of Pseudocyphellaria were an integral part of a major revision of that genus published in 1988. He was the first to report on the existence of bipolar lichens (i.e., identical taxa in the polar or subpolar regions of the Northern and Southern hemispheres) in New Zealand. Bipolar lichens were a particular interest of his, and he wrote about species he encountered in Arctic areas and cool areas of the Southern Hemisphere.

Legacy
Einar Du Rietz's legacy is marked by significant contributions to nature conservation, academic teaching, and plant sociology. In addition to mentoring numerous students, he was deeply committed to preserving biotopes and small cryptogams, which he valued as much as the more conspicuous flowering plants. As a member of the Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences' nature conservation committee, he played a key role in surveying and documenting Swedish natural habitats, particularly those threatened by industrial expansion. Despite being more theoretical in his approach to vegetation research and not producing major vegetation monographs, he authored numerous summarising works and delivered factual yet engaging lectures, often enhanced with vivid colour photographs. As an inspirational teacher, Du Rietz guided his students through complex field research, fostering a significant degree of independence and shaping them into researchers with broad expertise. His dedication to the field and his students impacted the direction and development of plant geographical studies in Sweden, leaving a legacy in both academic and conservation communities.

Recognition
In 1949, Du Rietz was elected to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. As a member of the Swedish Academy of Sciences' nature conservation committee, he organized surveys of the shores of the lakes and river stretches that were threatened by the ongoing expansion of hydroelectric power in Norrland. When Du Rietz, as emeritus, turned 70, many of his former students gathered to write a 300-page collection of papers titled The Plant Cover of Sweden (Acta Phytogeographica Suecica 50, 1965), recognising him as the foremost explorer of Swedish vegetation. The volume, a tribute to Du Rietz's significant scientific contributions, includes 43 articles encompassing a wide spectrum of Swedish vegetation. This compilation served not only as an acknowledgment of Du Rietz's impact on phytosociology and botanical studies in Sweden but also aimed to provide an accessible resource to a global audience, reflecting the international reach and influence of his work. Decades after his death, his botanical collections from riverbanks and lakeshores in northwestern Sweden have been instrumental in expanding the known distributions of several species. Ultimately, his collections were distributed among the herbaria] of Uppsala, Lund, and Stockholm. An obituary described Du Rietz as "one of the leading and most dynamic lichen taxonomists of the 1920s".

Eponymy
In 1935, Vilmos Kőfaragó-Gyelnik named the genus Durietzia after Du Rietz; this genus has since been made synonymous with Ionaspis. In 1964, Carroll William Dodge proposed the subgenus Durietzia of genus Lobaria, writing "I take great pleasure dedicating this to my friend Einer Du Rietz, who first pointed out to me some of the physiologic and ecologic implications of the cortex in species of Parmelia, and argued for its recognition as a taxonomic ". Isao Yoshimura tried to promote this subgenus to a genus in 1998, but it is not an accepted name as it is a junior homonym of Gyelnik's name; the taxon is now known as genus Lobariella.

Du Rietz has also had several species named after him, including the lichens Acarospora durietzii H.Magn. (1924); Caloplaca durietzii H.Magn. (1953); Collema durietzii Degel. (1974); Degelia durietzii Arv. & D.J.Galloway (1981); Lecidea durietzii H.Magn. (1943); Lecidora durietzii Motyka (1996); Placopsis durietziorum D.J.Galloway (2004); Pseudocyphellaria durietzii Galloway (1983); Psoroma durietzii P.James & Henssen (1975); Umbilicaria durietzii Frey (1949); Usnea durietzii Motyka (1937); Verrucaria durietzii I.M.Lamb (1948); Xanthoparmelia durietzii Hale (1987); the flowering plants Celmisia durietzii Cockayne & Allan (Ohan), Euphrasia durietzii Yamam., and Euphrasia durietziana Ohwi; and the diatom Fragilaria durietzii A.Cleve-Euler.

Selected publications
Between the years 1912–1966, Einar Du Rietz published about 250 scientific works. Many are listed in Sjörs' biography of him; some of his major works include: