HP 48 series

The HP 48 is a series of graphing calculators designed and produced by Hewlett-Packard from 1990 until 2003. The series includes the HP 48S, HP 48SX, HP 48G, HP 48GX, and HP 48G+, the G models being expanded and improved versions of the S models. The models with an X suffix are expandable via special RAM (memory expansion) and ROM (software application) cards. In particular, the GX models have more onboard memory than the G models. The G+ models have more onboard memory only. The SX and S models have the same amount of onboard memory.

Note that the similarly named hp 48gII (2004) is not a member of the series but  closely related to the HP 49G+.

The calculators use Reverse Polish Notation (RPN) and the RPL programming language. The hardware architecture developed for the HP 48 series became the basis for the HP 38G, with a simplified user interface and an infix input method, and the HP 49G with various software enhancements. Likewise, the hardware and software design of the HP 48 calculators are themselves strongly influenced by other calculators in the HP line, most of all by the HP-18C and the HP-28 series.

Models / Availability
The HP 48SX was introduced on 1990-03-06.

Availability:
 * 48SX: 1990–1993
 * 48S: 1991–1993
 * 48GX (F1895A): 1993–2003
 * 48GX ASEE: 1993 (special edition labelled "1893 ASEE 1993 Shaping our world - Century II")
 * 48G: 1993–2003
 * 48G+ (F1630A, F1894A): 1998–2003

Specifications
The HP 48 series' Saturn microprocessor is a hybrid 64-bit / 20-bit CPU hardware-wise but acts like a 4-bit processor in that it presents nibble-based data to programs and uses a nibble-based addressing system. The main registers A, B, C, D, along with temp registers R0, R1, R2, R3, and R4 are a full 64-bits wide, but the data registers D0 & D1 are only 20-bit. External logical data fetches are transparently converted to 8-bit physical fetches. The processor has a 20-bit address bus available to code but due to the presence of the high/low nibble selection bit, only 19 bits are available externally.

In both the HP 48S/SX and G/GX series, the Saturn CPU core is integrated as part of a more complex integrated circuit (IC) package. These packages have codenames inspired by the members of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. The codename of the IC is Clarke in the S/SX, after William Clark, and Yorke in the G/GX, after Clark's manservant. The previous series of Saturn-based ICs were codenamed Lewis, after Meriwether Lewis.

Common for all models

 * CPU architecture: Saturn
 * Screen resolution: 131×64 pixels. There were 3 versions of the LCD display used across the range with each improving visibility and contrast over the predecessor.
 * Communication ports: 4-pin RS-232 (Serial port, standard UART at 1200 to 9600 bauds with option for parity (none/even/odd/mark/space)) and Infrared port (not IrDA, similar to serial, zeroes are pulses with duration 1/8 of a full bit time)
 * Data bus width: 8-bit (external)
 * Maximum 4-bit-cell address width: 20 bits (leading to the address space shown next)
 * Logical address space: 512 KB
 * Maximum register size: 64 bit (both working and scratch registers)
 * Available expansion card ports on X models: 2
 * Expansion card pins: 40

HP 48S/HP 48SX specific

 * CPU clock frequency: 2 MHz
 * Memory clock frequency: 2 MHz
 * CPU codename: Clarke (Saturn 1LT8 core)
 * Communication protocol(s): Kermit (protocol)
 * On-board ROM: 256 KB
 * On-board RAM: 32 KB
 * Maximum additional memory per expansion card: 128 KB (48SX only)
 * ROM versions: A, B, C, D, E, (F, ) J
 * Orange and blue shift buttons

HP 48G/HP 48GX/HP 48G+ specific



 * CPU clock frequency: 3.68 to 4 MHz
 * Some claim that the frequency varies according to temperature
 * According to one of the engineers on the design team of the HP 48G series (Dave Arnett), the yields for 4 MHz CPUs were essentially separated into two bins: the ones closest to spec, generally near 3.93–3.94 MHz, were reserved for the expandable models (GX), and those just slightly under spec were used for the non-expandable units (G). Eventually the yields improved and the CPUs which clocked closer to 4 MHz were installed in the non-expandable units as well. The effects of (non-extreme) temperatures are almost negligible.
 * Memory clock frequency: 2 MHz
 * CPU codename: Yorke (Saturn HP 00048-80063 core)
 * Communication protocol(s): Kermit (protocol), Xmodem
 * On-board ROM: 512 KB
 * On-board RAM: 32 KB (48G) or 128 KB (48G+/48GX)
 * Maximum additional memory for expansion card port 1: 128 KB
 * Maximum additional memory for expansion card port 2: 4 MB (128 KB addressable at any given time via bank switching)
 * ROM versions: K, L, M, P, R
 * Purple and blue-green shift buttons. This is sort of a design error, since these colors may be indistinguishable for red-green color blind people

Programming
The HP 48 series of calculators support a stack-based programming language named RPL, a supposed combination of Reverse Polish notation (RPN) and Lisp. RPL adds the concepts of lists and functions to stack-based programming, allowing the programmer to pass unevaluated code as arguments to functions, or return unevaluated code from a function by leaving it on the stack.

RPL comes in two flavors: User RPL and System RPL. User RPL is the language that a user can program directly on the calculator. System RPL requires an external compiler; this may be done on the calculator with a third-party utility, or on another machine. The two languages vary mainly in the number of low-level operations available to them. User RPL does not expose any commands that do not check their arguments. Consequently, User RPL programs cannot normally crash the calculator (and are therefore slower than System RPL programs), whereas a System RPL program that invokes a command with incorrect arguments will almost certainly leave the calculator in a state which requires a full memory reset.

It is also possible to program the HP 48 directly in HP Saturn assembly language. This can be done either via user-supplied on-calculator tools (eg. Jazz), or on another machine using user-supplied tools or those published directly by Hewlett-Packard (eg. SASM et al.).

Emulators

 * Emu48 for Windows
 * Alcuin for Commodore Amiga
 * X48 for Mac OS X, POSIX (Unix/Linux)
 * i48 - HP48GX emulator for iOS, based on X48
 * m48 – HP48 emulator for the iPhone, based on Emu48
 * Droid48 – HP48G Emulator for Android, based on X48
 * droid48sx – HP48SX Emulator for Android, based on Droid48
 * An HP48 emulator – decompiler for Unix/Linux or Windows (using Cygwin) by Paul Courbis

In popular culture

 * An HP 48 can be seen in the 2012 movie The Amazing Spider-Man and its sequel.
 * In the 2015 movie the Fantastic Four, an HP 48 series calculator can be seen at about 28 minutes into the film.