Handheld PC

A handheld personal computer (PC), typically built around either a clamshell form factor or a gaming form factor with a gamepad integrated for video games, is a mobile device that is significantly smaller than any standard personal computer (PC), but based on the same principles as PCs. The clamshell form factor is sometimes referred to as a palmtop computer, not to be confused with Palmtop PC which was a name used mainly by Hewlett-Packard.

Until recently, most handheld PCs used an operating system specifically designed for mobile use. Ultra-compact laptops capable of running common x86-compatible desktop operating systems are typically classified as subnotebooks.

The name Handheld PC was used by Microsoft from 1996 until the early 2000s to describe a category of small computers having keyboards and running the Windows CE operating system.

History
The first hand-held device compatible with desktop IBM personal computers of the time was the Atari Portfolio of 1989. Other early models were the Poqet PC of 1989 and the Hewlett Packard HP 95LX of 1991 which run the MS-DOS operating system. Other DOS-compatible hand-held computers also existed. After 2000 the handheld PC segment practically halted, replaced by other forms, although later communicators such as Nokia E90 can be considered to be of the same class.

Thanks in large part due to the rise of Laptop computing & common smartphones, most modern Handheld PCs are designed around market niches such as portable gaming. In large part due to the popularity of the Nintendo Switch, a gaming console, and subsequently; the Steam Deck, as well as similar products such as the Asus ROG Ally, modern handheld PC's designs are largely similar in form factor. Featuring a horizontally oriented touchscreen framed by input devices such as analog sticks and buttons.

Microsoft's Handheld PC standard
The Handheld PC (with capital "H") or H/PC for short was the official name of a hardware design for personal digital assistant (PDA) devices running Windows CE. The intent of Windows CE was to provide an environment for applications compatible with the Microsoft Windows operating system, on processors better suited to low-power operation in a portable device. It provides the appointment calendar functions usual for any PDA.

Microsoft was wary of using the term "PDA" for the Handheld PC. Instead, Microsoft marketed this type of device as a "PC companion".

To be classed as a Windows CE Handheld PC, the device must:
 * Run Microsoft's Windows CE
 * Be bundled with an application suite only found through an OEM Platform Release and not in Windows CE itself
 * Use ROM
 * Have a screen supporting a resolution of at least 480×240
 * Include a keyboard (except tablet models)
 * Include a PC card slot
 * Include an infrared (IrDA) port
 * Provide wired serial and/or Universal Serial Bus (USB) connectivity

HP's first displays' widths were more than a third larger than that of Microsoft's specification. Soon, all of their competition followed. Examples of Handheld PC devices are the NEC MobilePro 900c, HP 320LX, Sharp Telios, HP Jornada 720, IBM WorkPad Z50, and Vadem Clio. Also included are tablet computers like the Fujitsu PenCentra 130, and even communicators like the late Samsung NEXiO S150.

In 1998, Microsoft released the Palm-size PC, which have smaller screen sizes and lack keyboards compared to Handheld PC. Palm-size PC became Pocket PC in 2000.

Due to limited success of Handheld PC, Microsoft focused more on the keyboard-less Pocket PC. In September 2000, the updated Handheld PC 2000 was announced which is based on version 3.0 of Windows CE. Interest in the form factor overall quickly evaporated, and by early 2002 Microsoft were no longer working on Handheld PC, with its distinct functionality removed from version 4.0 of Windows CE. HP and Sharp both discontinued their Windows CE H/PCs in 2002, while NEC was last to leave the market in 2005. However, some manufacturers abandoned the format even before Microsoft did, such as Philips and Casio.

Modern Handheld PCs
While handheld PCs underwent a significant downturn after 2005, with Microsoft refocusing on Windows Mobile smartphones as well as their core products, similar products would remain popular in the late 2000s due to the introduction of Pocket PC Windows-based PDAs. At the same time, the Nintendo DS, a Video game console which ran a proprietary Operating system created by Nintendo and lacked the computing features of Handheld PCs. In 2017, Nintendo launched the Nintendo Switch and soon after, in 2021, the Steam Deck would release, rekindling interest in Handheld PCs, specifically for gaming, and leading to the release of several more and a boost in sales for Handheld PCs.