Hooded warbler

The hooded warbler (Setophaga citrina) is a New World warbler. It breeds in eastern North America across the eastern United States and into southernmost Canada (Ontario). It is migratory, wintering in Central America and the West Indies. Hooded warblers are very rare vagrants to western Europe.

Recent genetic research has suggested that the type species of Wilsonia (hooded warbler W. citrina) and of Setophaga (American redstart S. ruticilla) are closely related and should be merged into the same genus. As the name Setophaga (published in 1827) takes priority over Wilsonia (published in 1838), hooded warbler would then be transferred as Setophaga citrina. This change has been accepted by the North American Classification Committee of the American Ornithologists' Union, and the IOC World Bird List. The South American Classification Committee continues to list the bird in the genus Wilsonia.

Taxonomy
The French polymath Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon described the hooded warbler in 1779 in his Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux from a specimen collected in Louisiana. The bird was also illustrated in a hand-coloured plate engraved by François-Nicolas Martinet in the Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle which was produced under the supervision of Edme-Louis Daubenton to accompany Buffon's text. Neither the plate caption nor Buffon's description included a scientific name but in 1783 the Dutch naturalist Pieter Boddaert coined the binomial name Muscicapa citrina in his catalogue of the Planches Enluminées.

The hooded warbler was formerly placed in the genus Wilsonia. A molecular phylogenetic study of the family Parulidae published in 2010 found that the hooded warbler was embedded in a clade that contained species then assigned to Dendroica as well as two of four species of Parula and the monotypic genera Catharopeza and Setophaga. To create a monophyletic genus, all members of the clade were placed in the expanded genus Setophaga, which under the rules of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, had priority. The genus Setophaga was introduced by the English naturalist William Swainson in 1827. The species is monotypic; no subspecies are recognised. The genus name Setophaga is from Ancient Greek ses, "moth", and phagos, "eating", and the specific citrina is Latin for citrine.

Description
The hooded warbler is a small bird and mid-sized warbler, measuring 13 cm in length and weighing 9 - 12 g. The hooded warbler has a wingspan of 6.9 in (17.5 cm). It has a plain olive/green-brown back and yellow underparts. Their outer rectrices have whitish vanes. Males have distinctive black hoods which surround their yellow faces; the female has an olive-green cap which does not extend to the forehead, ears, and throat. Males attain their hood at about 9–12 months of age; younger birds are essentially identical to (and easily confused with) females. The song is a series of musical notes which sound like: wheeta wheeta whee-tee-oh, for which a common mnemonic is "The red, the red T-shirt" or "Come to the woods or you won't see me". The call of these birds is a loud chip.

Life history
These birds feed on insects, which are often found in low vegetation or caught by flycatching. Hooded warblers' breeding habitats are broadleaved woodlands with dense undergrowth. These birds nest in low areas of a bush, laying three to five eggs in a cup-shaped nest. Hooded warblers are often the victims of brood parasitism by the brown-headed cowbird, especially where the hooded warblers' forest habitats are fragmented. In areas with protected woodlands or recovering wooded habitats, the hooded warbler population is stable and possibly increasing.

Book

 * Evans Ogden, L. J. and B. J. Stutchbury. 1994. Hooded Warbler (Wilsonia citrina). In The Birds of North America, No. 110 (A. Poole and F. Gill, Eds.). Philadelphia: The Academy of Natural Sciences; Washington, D.C.: The American Ornithologists’ Union.

Reports

 * Friesen L & Martin D. (2000). National recovery plan for the Acadian flycatcher, Empidonax virescens, and hooded warbler, Wilsonia citrina. Canadian Research Index. p. n/a.
 * Page AM. (1994). Status report on the hooded warbler, Wilsonia citrina, in Canada. Canadian Research Index. p. n/a.

Theses

 * Alcantara JL. Ph.D. (2000). Diversity and spatial analysis of passerine birds in relation to habitat characteristics of woods along the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico. Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College, United States – Louisiana.
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 * Baker MD. Ph.D. (2000). Habitat influences on nongame bird nest success in a managed and fragmented southern pine forest. Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College, United States – Louisiana.
 * Barrow WC Jr. Ph.D. (1990). Ecology of small insectivorous birds in a bottomland hardwood forest. Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College, United States – Louisiana.
 * Bowen LT. Ph.D. (2004). Seasonal relationships between birds and arthropods in bottomland forest canopy gaps. North Carolina State University, United States – North Carolina.
 * Brito-Aguilar R. M.S. (2005). Effects of even-aged forest management on early successional bird species in Missouri Ozark forest. University of Missouri – Columbia, United States – Missouri.
 * Callo PA. Ph.D. (2002). The genetic distribution model of offspring defense and the influence of predator identity on prey response. University of Maryland, College Park, United States – Maryland.
 * DeMeo TE. Ph.D. (1999). Forest songbird abundance and viability at multiple scales on the Monongahela National Forest, West Virginia. West Virginia University, United States – West Virginia.
 * Evans Ogden LJ. M.Sc. (1994). Cross-seasonal effects on the breeding strategy of the hooded warbler (Wilsonia citrina). York University (Canada), Canada.
 * Godard RD. Ph.D. (1991). Individual recognition by migratory songbirds. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States – North Carolina.
 * Kilgo JC. Ph.D. (1996). Breeding bird use of hardwood habitats in the upper coastal plain of South Carolina. University of Georgia, United States – Georgia.
 * Klimstra JD. M.S. (2003). Using banding data to assess the use of 100-meter-wide habitat corridors by breeding landbirds, in an intensively managed pine landscape. North Carolina State University, United States – North Carolina.
 * Moorman CE. Ph.D. (1999). Relationships between artificially created gaps and breeding birds in a southeastern bottomland forest. Clemson University, United States – South Carolina.
 * Neudorf DL. Ph.D. (1996). A dual system of female control of extra-pair copulations in the hooded warbler (Wilsonia citrina). York University (Canada), Canada.
 * Niven DK. Ph.D. (1996). A comparison of the ecology and population dynamics of a neotropical migrant landbird, the hooded warbler, in winter and summer. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States – Illinois.
 * Norris DR. M.Sc. (2000). Behavioral response of male hooded warblers (Wilsonia citrina) to small, isolated forest fragments. York University (Canada), Canada.
 * Pasher J. M.Sc. (2005). Modelling and mapping potential hooded warbler (Wilsonia citrina) habitat using remote sensing. Carleton University (Canada), Canada.
 * Peyman Dove LD. Ph.D. (2000). Landscape metrics to assess habitat suitability for conservation bird species in the southeastern United States. Mississippi State University, United States – Mississippi.
 * Pitcher TE. M.Sc. (1998). Male parental care and extrapair copulation effort in hooded warblers (Wilsonia citrina). York University (Canada), Canada.
 * Ramos Olmos MA. Ph.D. (1983). SEASONAL MOVEMENTS OF BIRD POPULATIONS AT A NEOTROPICAL STUDY SITE IN SOUTHERN VERACRUZ, MEXICO. University of Minnesota, United States – Minnesota.
 * Revels MR. Ph.D. (1997). Protocalliphora (Diptera: Calliphoridae) parasitism of breeding birds in Arkansas: Ecological relationships and effects on hooded warbler (Wilsonia citrina) breeding biology. University of Arkansas, United States – Arkansas.
 * Rush S. M.Sc. (2003). The effects of forest fragmentation on post-fledging survival and dispersal of a forest songbird. York University (Canada), Canada.
 * Sargent RA Jr. Ph.D. (1996). The nesting ecology of songbirds in the fragmented landscape of South Carolina. University of Georgia, United States – Georgia.
 * Tarof SA. M.Sc. (1996). Does breeding density and forest fragmentation constrain extra-pair matings and nesting success in hooded warblers (Wilsonia citrina)?. York University (Canada), Canada.
 * Weeks KC. M.S. (2001). The foraging and nesting ecology of black-throated blue warbler (Dendroica caerulescens) and hooded warbler (Wilsonia citrina) in the southern Appalachians. North Carolina State University, United States – North Carolina.

Articles

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