Hydrolysis constant

The word hydrolysis is applied to chemical reactions in which a substance reacts with water. In organic chemistry, the products of the reaction are usually molecular, being formed by combination with H and OH groups (e.g., hydrolysis of an ester to an alcohol and a carboxylic acid). In inorganic chemistry, the word most often applies to cations forming soluble hydroxide or oxide complexes with, in some cases, the formation of hydroxide and oxide precipitates.

Metal hydrolysis and associated equilibrium constant values
The hydrolysis reaction for a hydrated metal ion in aqueous solution can be written as:


 * p Mz+ + q H2O ⇌ Mp(OH)q(pz–q) + q H+

and the corresponding formation constant as:


 * $$\beta_{pq} = \frac{[M_p(OH)_q^{(pz-q)}][H^+]^q}{[M^{z+}]^p}$$

and associated equilibria can be written as:


 * MOx(OH)z–2x(s) + z H+ ⇌ Mz+ + (z–x) H2O


 * MOx(OH)z–2x(s) + x H2O ⇌ Mz+ + z OH−


 * p MOx(OH)z–2x(s) + (pz–q) H+ ⇌ Mp(OH)q(pz–q) + (pz–px–q) H2O

Aluminium
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Americium(III)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Americium(V)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Antimony(III)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Antimony(V)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Arsenic(III)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Arsenic(V)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Barium
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Berkelium(III)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Beryllium
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Bismuth
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Boron
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Cadmium
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Calcium
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Californium(III)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Cerium(III)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Chromium(II)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K (The divalent state is unstable in water, producing hydrogen whilst being oxidised to a higher valency state (Baes and Mesmer, 1976). The reliability of the data is in doubt.):

Chromium(III)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Chromium(VI)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Cobalt(II)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Cobalt(III)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Copper(I)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Copper(II)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Curium
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Dysprosium
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Erbium
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Europium
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Gadolinium
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Gallium
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Germanium
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Gold(III)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Hafnium
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

* Errors in compilations concerning equilibrium and/or data elaboration. Data not recommended. Strongly suggested to refer to the original papers.

Holmium
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Indium
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Iridium
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Iron(II)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Iron(III)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Lanthanum
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Lead(II)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Lead(IV)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Lithium
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Magnesium
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Manganese(II)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Manganese(III)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Mercury(I)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K: (a) 0.5 M HClO4

Mercury(II)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Molybdenum(VI)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution, T = 298.15 K and I = 3 M NaClO4 (a) or 0.1 M Na+ medium, Data at I = 0 are not available (b):

Neodymium
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Neptunium(III)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Neptunium(IV)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Neptunium(V)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Neptunium(VI)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Nickel(II)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Niobium
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Osmium(VI)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution, I = 0.1 M and T = 298.15 K:

Osmium(VIII)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K: (a) At I = 0.1 M (b) At I = 2.5 M

Palladium
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Plutonium(III)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Plutonium(IV)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Plutonium(V)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Plutonium(VI)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Potassium
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Praseodymium
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Radium
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Rhodium
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Samarium
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Scandium
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Selenium(–II)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Selenium(IV)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Selenium(VI)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Silicon
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Silver
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Sodium
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Strontium
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Tantalum
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K: (a) The number of significant figures are retained to minimise propagation of round-off errors; they should not be taken to indicate the relative uncertainty of the values, which is always at least one order of magnitude less than indicated.

Tellurium(-II)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K: (a) The number of significant figures are retained to minimise propagation of round-off errors; they should not be taken to indicate the relative uncertainty of the values, which is always at least one order of magnitude less than indicated.

Tellurium(IV)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K: (a) The number of significant figures are retained to minimise propagation of round-off errors; they should not be taken to indicate the relative uncertainty of the values, which is always at least one order of magnitude less than indicated.

Tellurium(VI)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K: (a) The number of significant figures are retained to minimise propagation of round-off errors; they should not be taken to indicate the relative uncertainty of the values, which is always at least one order of magnitude less than indicated.

Terbium
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Thallium(I)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K: (a) The number of significant figures are retained to minimise propagation of round-off errors; they should not be taken to indicate the relative uncertainty of the values, which is always at least one order of magnitude less than indicated.

Thallium(III)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K: (a) The number of significant figures are retained to minimise propagation of round-off errors; they should not be taken to indicate the relative uncertainty of the values, which is always at least one order of magnitude less than indicated.

Thorium
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Thulium
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Tin(II)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Tin(IV)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Tungsten
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Titanium(III)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Titanium(IV)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Uranium(IV)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Uranium(VI)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Vanadium(IV)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Vanadium(V)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Ytterbium
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Yttrium
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Zinc
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

Zirconium
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K: * Errors in compilations concerning equilibrium and/or data elaboration. Data not recommended. It is strongly suggested to refer to the original papers.