Ibn Arfa' Ra's

Ibn Arfa' Ra's (ابن أرفع رأس – full name: ), flourished second half of the twelfth century, was a Maghrebi poet and alchemist. He is the author of an Arabic collection (Diwan (poetry)) of alchemical poems called the  ('Shards of Gold').

Traditionally he was identified with a certain Ibn al-Naqirāt, a religious scholar living in Fez (Morocco) who died c. 1197. However, this identification is probably spurious. If so, virtually nothing is known about Ibn Arfa' Ra's's life. Probably born in Al-Andalus, perhaps in Granada, it is likely that he spent most of his life in Almohad Morocco. At some point he likely traveled to the Islamic East, where he may also have settled.

Ibn Arfa' Ra's wrote a commentary on his own work under the name  ('Solution to the Problems of the '). He also wrote some alchemical poems in the Muwashshah genre (strophic verse) and a number of short prose works on alchemy. Two works on magic have also been attributed to him, but these are probably spurious.

Identity
Most traditional authors of Arabic biographical dictionaries identify Ibn Arfa' Ra's with a religious scholar called Ibn al-Naqirāt, whose fuller name was. The fullest version of Ibn Arfa' Ra's's name, as may be reconstructed from the earliest manuscripts, is. Since both names share the major part Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn Mūsa al-Anṣārī, they are close enough to raise the possibility that the two figures were indeed identical. However, neither Ibn al-Naqirāt's longer (the part of his name indicating lineage) "son of Ali son of Musa son of Muhammad son of Khalaf", nor his Nisba (onomastics)s (names referring to a place of origin) al-Sālimī (Medinaceli) or al-Jayyānī (Jaén) ever occur in the alchemical manuscripts. The biographical dictionaries in their entries on Ibn al-Naqirāt never actually mention the nickname Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs, nor the honorific Burhān al-Dīn, both of which often feature prominently in the alchemical manuscripts.

If Ibn Arfa' Ra's is identical with Ibn al-Naqirāt, some basic facts of his life are known. Ibn al-Abbar (died 1260) in his biographical dictionary mentions that Ibn al-Naqirāt was born in 1121 or 1122 CE (515 AH) and that he died after 1196 or 1197 CE (593 AH), and that he was born in Al-Andalus but later moved to Fez (Morocco) where he became a Khatib (Islamic preacher). According to the broader biographical tradition, Ibn al-Naqirāt was an expert in Qira'at (variant readings of the Quran) as well as in the jurisprudence and hadith of the Maliki school, preaching in the renowned Qarawiyyin mosque.

However, the divergence between the names in the biographical dictionaries and those given in the manuscripts of the alchemical works attributed to Ibn Arfa' Ra's, as well as certain details in reports relating to the two figures given by Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406) and Leo Africanus (c. 1494), suggest that Ibn al-Abbar may have conflated the alchemist Ibn Arfa' Ra's with the religious scholar Ibn al-Naqirāt. In this case, very little remains that can be said about the life of Ibn Arfa' Ra's. Like Ibn al-Naqirāt, he originated in Al-Andalus, perhaps in Granada, and later settled elsewhere. Although the fact that he was sometimes called al-Maghribī indicates that he may also have settled in Morocco, the alchemical manuscripts make no mention of Fez or any other specific place. Alternatively, the al-Maghribī may indicate that he left the Maghreb (the Islamic West, the region west of Egypt) and settled in the Mashreq (the Islamic East). In any case, it is clear that he spent a major part of his life in the West, most likely in Morocco.

If the identification of Ibn Arfa' Ra's with Ibn al-Naqirāt is given up, the period in which he lived becomes very uncertain. Since Ibn al-Abbar knew of his works in the middle of the thirteenth century and some of the earliest commentaries on his work date from that period, Ibn Arfa' Ra's must have lived before c. 1250, but a terminus post quem is much harder to establish. The fact that Ibn Arfa' Ra's cites al-Mas'udi (died 957) may provide the earliest date for which there is hard evidence, although the lack of any mention of him by the alchemist poet al-Tughra'i (died 1121) makes it most likely that Ibn Arfa' Ra's lived in the twelfth century.

Ibn Arfa' Ra's's most enduring work is a Diwan (poetry) of alchemical poems called the ('Shards of Gold'). These poems, which all together comprise about 1400 lines, are arranged by the letter they use to rhyme, thus covering the entire Arabic alphabet. A large number of commentaries on the work were written by other Islamo-Arabic alchemists, among them commentaries by al-Irbilī (died 1257) and al-Sīmāwī (fl. 1250), as well as five commentaries by al-Jildakī (written c. 1337) alone.

The ranks among the first works to feature exegesis of the Quran (Tafsir) in an alchemical context.

Other works
Ibn Arfa' Ra's wrote a commentary on his own alchemical, called the ('Solution to the Problems of the ').

There are also some alchemical poems by Ibn Arfa' Ra's which are written in Muwashshah, a genre of Arabic poetry that uses strophic verse. These were not included in the because poems of the  genre are usually excluded from Diwan (poetry) collections.

A number of short prose works have been attributed to Ibn Arfa' Ra's, but these have not yet been investigated:



A work on magic called ('Spiritual Medicine through the Merciful Quran') has been attributed to Ibn Arfa' Ra's, but this attribution is clearly spurious since the work heavily borrows from thirteenth–fourteenth century works on magic like those written by pseudo-al-Būnī and Ibn Sabʿīn. The case of, another work on letter magic attributed to Ibn Arfa' Ra's, is less certain, but the fact that its author holds magic in higher regard than alchemy suggests that it was not written by a devoted alchemist like Ibn Arfa' Ra's.

There is also a commentary on Ibn al-Fāriḍ's (1181–1235) wine poem which may have been authored by Ibn Arfa' Ra's, although this would necessitate placing Ibn Arfa' Ra's's lifetime in the thirteenth century rather than the twelfth, which is not very likely.