Isothrix

The toros or brush-tailed rats, genus Isothrix, are a group of spiny rats found in tropical South America, particularly in the Amazon Basin.

Description
Toros look like large rats with soft fur on the body and long guard hairs on the scaly tail. Head and body is 18-27.5 cm and tail is 17–30 cm. Weight is 320-570 grams.

Natural history
These animals appear to be arboreal, based on the shape of their hind feet. They are thought to spend the day in holes in the ground near trees.

Systematics
The etymology of the genus name Isothrix corresponds to the two ancient greek words, meaning "of equal length", and ,  , meaning "hair". The etymology of the genus name synonym Lasiuromys corresponds to the three ancient greek words, meaning "furry, with tufted hair",  , meaning "animal tail", and  , meaning "mouse, rat".

There are currently five species recognized in the genus Isothrix:
 * Isothrix barbarabrownae - Barbara Brown's Brush-tailed Rat
 * Isothrix bistriata - Yellow-crowned brush-tailed rat
 * Isothrix negrensis - Rio Negro brush-tailed rat
 * Isothrix pagurus - Plain brush-tailed rat
 * Isothrix sinnamariensis - Sinnamary brush-tailed rat

There does appear to be good support for the monophyly of three species found in this genus.

Phylogeny
Isothrix is a member of the Echimyini clade of arboreal Echimyidae rodents. Although tentatively considered an echimyine, it has been suggested that Isothrix may not be particularly closely related to other members of its subfamily. This is confirmed by molecular phylogenies in which Isothrix appears as a distant relative of the three clades of Echimyini: (i) Echimys, Phyllomys, Makalata, Pattonomys, and Toromys ; (ii) the bamboo rats Dactylomys, Olallamys, Kannabateomys together with Diplomys and Santamartamys ; and (iii) the arboreal eumysopines Mesomys and Lonchothrix.

The taxon Callistomys pictus was previously member of the genus Isothrix, but most authors considered it distinct enough to warrant a separate genus. This distinctness has been confirmed by DNA comparative studies in which Callistomys even appears to branch with members of a distinct tribe (i.e., Myocastorini) of the subfamily Echimyinae. The arboreal genera of the subfamily Echimyinae therefore constitute a polyphyletic assemblage.