Job: A Masque for Dancing

Job: A Masque for Dancing is a one-act ballet produced in 1931. The scenario is by Geoffrey Keynes, the choreography by Ninette de Valois, and the music by Ralph Vaughan Williams. The ballet is based on the Book of Job from the Hebrew Bible and was inspired by the illustrated edition by William Blake. The music was first given in concert in 1930 and the ballet had its stage premiere on 5 July 1931. It was the first ballet to be produced by an entirely British creative team. It was taken into the repertoire of the Vic-Wells Ballet and its successors, and has been intermittently revived.

Background
In 1927, the centenary of the death of William Blake, Geoffrey Keynes, a leading Blake scholar and also a dance enthusiast, wrote the scenario for "a ballet of a kind which would be new to the English stage", based on Blake's illustrations for the Book of Job, published in 1826. Helped by his wife’s sister, the designer Gwen Raverat, Keynes selected eight of Blake's 21 illustrations as suitable for stage adaptation. They then approached Raverat’s cousin Ralph Vaughan Williams to write the music. He agreed, and was so enthusiastic about the idea that he pressed ahead with composition before Keynes and Raverat completed their work.

Meanwhile, Keynes offered the scenario to the impresario Sergei Diaghilev of the Ballets Russes, who turned it down as "too English and too old-fashioned". Vaughan Williams was not displeased by this. He had a low opinion of classical ballet, detested dance en pointe, and regarded Diaghilev's troupe as "decadent and frivolous". He felt they would have made "an unholy mess" of the piece. He so disliked ballet that he insisted that the work should be labelled "a masque for dancing", although the critic Frank Howes, who admired the composer greatly, pointed out that the essence of a masque is that it is a combination of all the arts of the theatre, and "without songs and dialogues a masque is not a masque but a pantomime".

After Diaghilev's rejection of the piece, the Keynes brothers – Geoffrey and Maynard – together with the composer Thomas Dunhill agreed to fund a staging of the work by the recently formed Camargo Society. The orchestral score was by this time complete, and was premiered by the Queen's Hall Orchestra conducted by the composer at the Norwich Festival on 23 October 1930. Vaughan Williams had written for a large orchestra, too big for a West End theatre pit, and Constant Lambert undertook a reduction of the score for smaller forces. Ninette de Valois was engaged as choreographer. She and her employer, Lilian Baylis of the Old Vic, had seen and approved the Raverat designs. Job was the first ballet to be produced by an entirely British creative team.

Premiere
On Sunday 5 July 1931 the ballet was performed at the Cambridge Theatre, London, conducted by Lambert. The cast comprised:


 * Source: Michael Kennedy.

The production was repeated the next day and again on 24 July at Oxford as part of the ninth festival of the International Society for Contemporary Music. It was well received. The critic A. K. Holland, reporting "a tumultuous reception", called the work "a triumph for Vaughan Williams ... the most important recent contribution to English ballet". Another reviewer wrote:

According to The Times, "here was that rare thing, a completely satisfying synthesis of the arts".

Music
The full orchestral version is scored for three flutes (third doubling on piccolo and alto flute), two oboes, cor anglais, two clarinets (in B♭), alto saxophone, bass clarinet (doubling on third clarinet in B♭), two bassoons, contrabassoon, four horns (in F), three trumpets (in B♭), three trombones, tuba, timpani, triangle, side drum, cymbals, bass drum, xylophone, glockenspiel, tam tam, organ, two harps, and strings.

Lambert's instrumentation for theatre orchestra comprises: 2 flutes (second doubling piccolo), 1 oboe, 2 clarinets, E♭ saxophone (played by second clarinet), 2 horns, 2 trumpets, 1 trombone, timpani, percussion (3 players: cymbals, bass drum, xylophone, glockenspiel, tam-tam), 1 harp, strings.

Vaughan Williams dedicated the score to the conductor Adrian Boult in 1934, after learning that at Boult's instigation the Bach Choir had raised funds towards the engraving of the full orchestra score of Job. Boult made four commercial recordings of the work – with the BBC Symphony Orchestra (issued 1946), the London Philharmonic Orchestra (1954 and 1966), and the London Symphony Orchestra (1971).

Performance history
The ballet was given on 22 September 1931 at the Old Vic. An adapted version was performed in New York at the Lewisohn Stadium in 1931, staged by Ted Shawn, who danced the role of Satan. The Camargo Society revived the original ballet in mid-1932 and took it to Copenhagen in September of that year. From 1932 onwards it remained in the Vic-Wells (later Sadler's Wells) Ballet repertoire and was first presented on the large stage of the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, in May 1948. Boult conducted, and the full orchestral score, rather than Lambert's reduction, was played. Raverat's original sets were considered unsuitable for the large Covent Garden stage, and new designs were commissioned from John Piper. Robert Helpmann played Satan and the cast included Donald Britton, John Cranko, Leslie Edwards, Julia Farron, John Field, Alexander Grant, Rowena Jackson, Gillian Lynne, Nadia Nerina and Michael Somes. The production was seen at intervals throughout the 1950s, and staged by the Birmingham Royal Ballet in the 1990s, including a performance in Coventry Cathedral in 1993.

Sections
The ballet comprises nine scenes, loosely based upon the sequence of Blake's illustrations and each including in the synopsis a quotation from the Bible. Vaughan Williams headed his score with 18 section headings.


 * Scene I: "Saraband of the Sons of God" ("Hast thou considered my servant Job?")
 * Introduction
 * Pastoral Dance
 * Satan's Appeal to God
 * Saraband of the Sons of God
 * Scene II: "Satan's Dance of Triumph" ("So Satan went forth from the presence of the Lord.")
 * Satan's Dance
 * Scene III: "Minuet of the Sons of Job and Their Wives" ("There came a great wind and smote the four corners of the house and it fell upon the young men and they are dead.")
 * Minuet of the Sons and Daughters of Job
 * Scene IV: "Job's Dream" ("In thoughts from the visions of the night ... fear came upon me and trembling.")
 * Job's Dream
 * Dance of Plague, Pestilence, Famine and Battle
 * Scene V: "Dance of the Three Messengers" ("There came a messenger.")
 * Dance of the Messengers
 * Scene VI: "Dance of Job's Comforters" ("Behold happy is the man whom God correcteth.")
 * Dance of Job's Comforters
 * Job's Curse
 * A Vision of Satan
 * Scene VII: "Elihu's Dance of Youth and Beauty" ("Ye are old and I am very young.")
 * Elihu's Dance of Youth and Beauty
 * Pavane of the Heavenly Host
 * Scene VIII: "Pavane of the Sons of the Morning" ("All the Sons of God shouted for joy.")
 * Galliard of the Sons of the Morning
 * Altar Dance and Heavenly Pavane
 * Scene IX: "Epilogue" ("So the Lord blessed the latter end of Job more than his beginning.")