John Gould Stephenson

John Gould Stephenson (March 1, 1828 – November 11, 1883) was an American physician and soldier who served as Librarian of Congress from 1861 to 1864. Born in Lancaster, New Hampshire, to a prominent merchant family, he attended education at Dartmouth Medical College and Castleton Medical College, where he received his M.D in 1849. He moved to Terre Haute, Indiana, in the early 1850s, where he became active in the temperance movement and the nascent Republican Party. He campaigned for Abraham Lincoln in the 1859 Senate race in Illinois, at the 1860 Republican National Convention, and in the 1860 presidential election. He pursued an appointment of Librarian of Congress immediately following Lincoln's election, possibly due to his brother's work as a librarian in Cincinnati. After a lengthy pressure campaign, including a number of Indiana officials (including Senator Henry S. Lane), Lincoln appointed him as Librarian of Congress, replacing long-term incumbent John Silva Meehan despite opposition from the Joint Committee on the Library.

Believing that the library had fallen into neglect under Meehan's administration, Stephenson begun a mass change of staff soon after taking office, firing all but one assistant. He hired journalist Ainsworth Rand Spofford, a friend of his brother, as assistant librarian in August 1861. Although never formally commissioned, Stephenson began serving in the Union Army soon after his appointment of Librarian of Congress. He briefly served as an acting naval surgeon to the 19th Indiana Infantry in 1861, before serving as an aide-de-camp in the Indiana militia, where he achieved the rank of colonel. In 1863, he served as the aide-de-camp of Solomon Meredith, commander of the Iron Brigade, and saw action at the battles of Chancellorsville and Gettysburg. He resigned as librarian for unclear reasons in December 1864, and was succeeded by Spofford. He served in various positions as a clerk during the 1870s, and was appointed as a medical examiner at the Bureau of Pensions in Washington in the early 1880s. He died on November 11, 1883, after several months of illness, and was buried in the Congressional Cemetery.

Early life and career
On March 1, 1828, John Gould Stephenson was born in Lancaster, New Hampshire, to Reuben and Mary King Stephenson (Baker), the fourth of eight children. Reuben Stephenson was a merchant who operated a general store in Lancaster, additionally serving variously as a selectman, county coroner, deputy sheriff, constable, fire warden, and high sheriff. Other members of the Stephenson family were elected to a variety of local civic positions. John Stephenson attended school at the Lancaster Academy, which his father had co-incorporated in 1828. Stephenson was active in theater at the academy, performing in a variety of plays. He initially pursued further education at Dartmouth Medical School, before transferring to Castleton Medical College, where he received his Doctor of Medicine on November 23, 1849.

The 1850 census lists Stephenson as a physician in Lancaster, but it is unclear if he ever practiced medicine in the town. He likely moved to Terre Haute, Indiana, in 1851, where he "practiced physic & surgery for ten years". While in Terre Haute, he became involved with the temperance movement (becoming a Patriarch of the local Sons of Temperance chapter), as well as with the nascent Republican Party. He campaigned on behalf of Abraham Lincoln in the 1859 Senate race in Illinois against Stephen Douglas, where he was described as an "efficient speaker" by Indiana politician William P. Dole. A February 1860 notice in the Wabash Express attempted to clarify a controversial political statement from him, printing "J. G. Stephenson did not say that all men were created free and equal. He held just what the writers and signers of the Declaration of Independence held, namely, 'that all men are created equal.'"

He was one of Lincoln's earliest advocates for the 1860 Republican National Convention in Chicago, writing in support of his candidacy in March 1860. At the convention, he worked to influence the Kentucky delegation into supporting Lincoln. He actively campaigned for Lincoln in both Indiana and Illinois, writing that he had spent several weeks campaigning for him in Clark County and Edgar County, Illinois.

Appointment
Shortly after Lincoln's victory in the presidential election, Stephenson began to pursue a political appointment as the Librarian of Congress using connections within the Republican Party. His brother, Reuben Henry Stephenson, worked as the librarian of the Young Men's Mercantile Library of Cincinnati, and this may have influenced him to pursue the position. Many testimonials in favor of appointing Stephenson to the position were sent to Lincoln, beginning within a few weeks of the election. Various figures, including local physicians and a Kentucky Republican convention delegate, wrote to Lincoln, emphasizing Stephenson's service to the Republican Party and the Lincoln campaign. In March 1861, Senator Henry S. Lane also wrote to Lincoln in support, stating that Stephenson was a "gentleman of fine education" and that his appointment would "give great pleasure to the Republicans of his neighborhood". While the number of other candidates for the position is unknown, at least three people wrote to Lincoln asking for Hezekiah Lord Hosmer to be appointed as librarian.

Stephenson himself arrived in Washington at some point before May 1861 and wrote a letter to Lincoln asking to be appointed, urging haste so as to become acquainted with the library before the opening of the next session of Congress. Dole, Lincoln's Commissioner of Indian Affairs, described meeting with Lincoln to urge Stephenson's appointment.

The incumbent Librarian, John Silva Meehan, had held the position since 1829. His longtime ally and associate James Pearce's lack of clear support for the Union following the secession of the Southern states significantly impacted his political influence. Although publicly apolitical, Meehan himself faced rumors of southern sympathies. Ainsworth Rand Spofford attributed his age and period of service as the primary factor for his replacement, writing that Meehan had become "a very ancient fossil". Pearce urged the president not to replace Meehan, gaining support from the other two senators of the Congressional Joint Committee on the Library. Despite this, Lincoln asked Secretary of State William H. Seward to send him a commission for Stephenson on May 23, with Stephenson accepting the following day, becoming the 5th Librarian of Congress. Meehan calmly accepted his dismissal, and left his duties at the end of May.

Tenure


In the months after assuming office, Stephenson became irritated with the state of the library, viewing it as having fallen into disrepair and neglect under his predecessor. He threw out what he deemed as low-quality books and initiated a mass change of staff, firing all assistants except Meehan's son, Law Library head C. H. Warton Meehan. This alarmed the members of the Joint Committee. Pearce believed Stephenson had gone beyond his authority, especially in the disposal of books, but noted that the Joint Committee was largely powerless to stop him. Lincoln was confused by the change of staff, and asked Caleb B. Smith if Stephenson had resigned. Stephenson defended his actions against the Joint Committee, stating in the annual report that the firing of the previous staff was "[because] his conviction, induced by several months of trial and observation, as well as by the facts as to the condition of the Library already recited, of their incapacity for their several posts."

Stephenson was infuriated by the presence of the War Department's bakeries in the Capitol basement during the Civil War, installed to feed troops stationed nearby. Smoke and soot from the ovens drifted up into the Library of Congress, staining books and tables. The bakeries also disabled the library's heating systems during operation, as a flue for the baking operation had been built into the flue of the Library's furnace. Senator Solomon Foot rallied Senate members in favor of the removal of the bakeries, upset with smoke drifting into the Senate chambers. Rep. Charles R. Train also advocated against the ovens, citing the damage to the Library of Congress, but the resolution failed in the House. They were not removed until October 1862, following a letter to Lincoln from Stephenson and commissioner B. B. French.

Appointment of Spofford


Around the beginning of August 1861, Stephenson "intimated an offer" for the position of Assistant Librarian to Ainsworth Rand Spofford, a war journalist who had begun to browse the Library of Congress when not writing. Stephenson's brother, Reuben, had long been a close friend of Spofford, both being members of the Literary Club of Cincinnati. Spofford agreed after some deliberation, and began working in late September. Stephenson departed Washington the same day Spofford began work, not returning for two months. Spofford held warm feelings towards him, writing that he was a "thorough good fellow—liberal—high-minded—active—but with no special knowledge of books". Spofford and fellow Assistant Librarian Edward B. Stelle signed many of the library documents during the period. Library of Congress historian Lucy Salamanca described Stephenson's appointment of Spofford as "his single greatest contribution to the development of the library".

Military service
Stephenson began to spend extended periods in military service soon after his appointment as Librarian of Congress. Spofford noted that he "devoted a large portion of his time" to care for ill soldiers of the 19th Indiana Regiment in late September 1861, placed into a temporary hospital inside the Patent Office. Stephenson never enlisted or was formally commissioned into formal military, but served in a number of medical roles during the war. He reported that he briefly served as acting naval surgeon of the 19th Indiana Infantry in 1861. On January 10, 1862, Stephenson was commissioned into the Indiana Legion, the state militia, as an aide-de-camp, later achieving the rank of colonel. In 1863, he served as the aide-de-camp of Solomon Meredith, commander of the Iron Brigade of the Army of the Potomac, seeing action at Fitzhugh's Crossing, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg. He received a citation for his service at Gettysburg from Major General Abner Doubleday. Meredith wrote to Lincoln shortly after Gettysburg, recommending a promotion for Stephenson.

Resignation
For unclear reasons, Stephenson had indicated an intention to resign in late 1864. Spofford began a lengthy letter-writing campaign, soliciting endorsements from every congressional representative and senator. Stephenson announced his resignation from his post as Librarian of Congress on December 22, 1864, with Spofford officially succeeding him on December 31. Some older sources attribute Stephenson's resignation to his engagement in "speculations created by the War", but no firm evidence has emerged corroborating the claim.

Later life and death


Little information is known about Stephenson's later life. He stated that he was employed "in various capacities as a clerk not in service of the United States" between 1865 and 1880, although the exact location or locations of his residence during this time is unknown. At some point, he served as a clerk to the District of Columbia Legislative Assembly. He is recorded as a resident of Washington in the 1870 census, in a 1871 edition of Boyd's Directory, as well as in two 1877 court cases revolving around a furniture ownership dispute. In April 1880, Captain Albert Grant wrote to Secretary of War Alexander Ramsey, forwarding Stephenson's request to be appointed as a clerk within the Office of the Surgeon General, and noting his services during the Civil War and his "unwavering devotion to the Republican Party since its first organization". He was appointed to the Record and Pension Division of the Office in September 1880, and served until March 30, 1881, where he stated he was discharged without a given cause.

In either November 1881 or July 1883, he entered employment as a medical examiner in the Bureau of Pensions in Washington, D.C. In August 1883, he approached a physician due to persistent insomnia, and by mid-October was too ill to continue work. Captain Grant invited Stephenson to stay at his home to recover, where he died on November 11, 1883. A medical examiner attributed his death to heart disease. Veterans of the First Army Corps organized his funeral, and he was buried at the Washington Congressional Cemetery.