Khibiny Mountains

The Khibiny Mountains (Хиби́ны ; Umptek) is one of the two main mountain ranges of the Kola Peninsula, Russia, within the Arctic Circle, located between Imandra and Umbozero lakes. The range is also known as Khibiny Massif, Khibinsky Mountains, Khibinsky Tundras, Khibins or Khibiny. The Khibiny National Park was set up in 2018.

Geography


The Khibiny Massif are the highest mountains of the Kola Peninsula, a large peninsula extending from northern Russia into the Barents and White seas. The total land area of the peninsula is approximately 100000 km2. It is rich in minerals due to the removal of a layer of soil during the last ice age.

The Khibiny Massif is of oval shape of about 1,300 km2. and occupies the central part of the peninsula at a relative elevation of 900–1000 m above the surrounding plain. The mountains are not particularly high; the two highest peaks are the Yudychvumchorr, which stands 1201 m, and the Chasnachorr, which stands 1191 m. The average elevation is 1116 m. The mountains form the shape of a horseshoe topped by a high plateau, drained by a series of deep canyons. The peaks are of plateau type, with steep slopes, with glaciers, icefields and snowfields in some places. The overall terrain is alpine tundra.

The second, and similar mountain range of the Kola Peninsula, the Lovozero Tundras, is located about 5 km east from the easternmost point of Khibiny, separated from it by Lake Umbozero.

The Khibiny range is extremely rich in minerals, mainly apatite and nepheline ores. 477 valid minerals have been reported and 108 of those are type localities or minerals first described in the Khibiny. The range is also seismically active.

Khibiny mountains are mostly uninhabited, except for one of the world's richest mineral quarries. One of the minerals discovered there is reported to have a potential as a nuclear waste radioactivity absorbent. By the foot of the massif the cities of Apatity and Kirovsk are situated.

Climate
Khibiny have an Arctic-moderate climate, with an average winter temperature of −5 °C (23 °F). However, the temperature can potentially drop to −30 °C (−22 °F) during the night. The Gulf Stream, which brings warmer water to the Kolsky Peninsula from the north, moderates the climate, making it slightly warmer than other Arctic regions.

Toponyms in Khibins

 * Mount Aikuaiventchorr
 * Mount Eveslogchorr
 * Hackman Valley
 * Kaskasnyunchorr
 * Khibinpakhchorr
 * Mount Koashkar
 * Mount Koashva
 * Kuniok Valley
 * Mount Maly Mannepakhk
 * Mount Kukisvumchorr
 * Marchenko Peak
 * Mount Rasvumchorr
 * Mount Restin'yun
 * Mount Yukspor
 * Loparskaya Valley
 * Mount Nyorkpakhk (Niorkpakhk, N'orkpukhk, N'Yourpakhk)
 * Mount Partomchorr
 * Petrelius River
 * Mount Rischorr
 * Mount Takhtarvumchorr
 * Tuliylukht Bay
 * Vuonnemiok River
 * Imandra Lake
 * Yum'egor Pass
 * Mount Vud'yavrchorr (with botanical garden of polar-alpine flora)