Koliyar

Koliyar is one of the artisan castes of the ancient Tamil society. They are a community of weavers who were regularly mentioned in medieval Tamil inscriptions. They were classified together with the Taccar (carpenters, stonemasons etc.), Kollar, and Tattar as constituting the Kilkalanai group. According to historian K.V Subrahmanya Iyer, this term referred to the Sanskrit Anuloma.

History
They seem to have been a powerful and influential group during the period of the Cholas as we find many sovereigns assuming titles such as Koliyar-Ko (King of Koliyar), Koliyar-Kula-pati (head of Koliyar), etc. so much so that historians sometimes use the term Koliyar as a synonym for the Cholas.

It is of interest to note that Uraiyur, the early Chola capital was also known as Koliyur. Though it is generally presumed to be named after the City of fowl or cock, it perhaps takes its name after this once popular community.

The Koliyars are discussed in detail in Edgar Thurston's "Castes and Tribes of Southern India." They are primarily known as a weaving community in Tamil Nadu. Here's a more detailed overview based on Thurston's work:

Traditional Occupation: The Koliyars have historically been engaged in weaving, making various types of cloth, including both coarse and fine varieties. This craft has been passed down through generations and remains a central part of their identity. Etymology: The term "Koliyar" is derived from the Tamil word "Koli," meaning weaver. This directly ties their caste name to their traditional occupation.

Social Hierarchy: Koliyars are classified among the artisan castes, which places them in a distinct category within the broader caste system. They often hold a middle-ranking status, not considered as low as the manual labor castes but also not as high as the Brahmins or Kshatriyas. Cultural Practices: The community has its own set of customs and rituals, many of which revolve around their weaving profession. Festivals and religious practices often include rituals that are believed to bless their looms and tools.

Location: Koliyars are primarily found in Tamil Nadu, though some communities may also be present in parts of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. Their concentration in these areas correlates with the historical centers of textile production in South India.

Historical Mentions: Thurston's research includes various references to the Koliyars in historical texts and inscriptions, highlighting their long-standing presence and contribution to the region's economy and culture.

Modern-Day: In contemporary times, while some Koliyars have moved into other professions, many still continue their traditional weaving practices. They contribute significantly to the handloom and textile industries in South India.