Lê Đức Anh

Lê Đức Anh (1 December 1920 – 22 April 2019) was a Vietnamese politician and general who served as the fifth President of Vietnam from 1992 to 1997. He previously led the Vietnamese forces in Cambodia throughout the 1980s. He was regarded as a conservative who advocated maintaining tight party control over domestic policies.

Lê Đức Anh's military career spanned many battlefields across Vietnam, from north to south. Vietnamese primarily remember him for his role in the war against the United States and his command of Vietnamese forces in Cambodia.

After Doi Moi in 1986, Anh moved to civil work. On 23 September 1992, he became the 5th President of Vietnam since independence. He left many traces in foreign affairs such as normalizing diplomatic relations with the United States, strengthening relationships with former enemies during the Vietnam War such as China, Japan, Korea and France. Lê Đức Anh was the first Vietnamese Head of State since unification to make a trip to United States and together with Prime Minister Võ Văn Kiệt persuaded President of United States Bill Clinton to lift the sanctions in Vietnam. On 28 July 1995, Vietnam officially joined ASEAN, marking a historic turning point in cooperation and association with countries in the Southeast Asia. On 23 September 1997, he officially ended his term as President. His successor was Trần Đức Lương.

Early life and military career
Lê Đức Anh was born in Phú Lộc District in Thừa Thiên–Huế Province. In August 1945, he joined the army. From October 1948 to 1950, he was chief of staff of the 7th Military Region, 8th Military Region and administrative region of Saigon–Cho Lon. From 1951 to 1954 he served as Deputy Chief of Staff, acting Chief of Staff of Cochinchina. From August 1963, he served as Deputy Chief of General Staff of the Vietnam People's Army. In February 1964 he entered South Vietnam and was promoted to the position of Deputy Commander and Chief of Staff of the People's Liberation Armed Forces of South Vietnam.

After his participation in the August Revolution of 1945, which led to the founding of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) on 2 September 1945, as a member of Việt Minh he began his military service in the North Vietnamese People's Army, the precursor of the current PAVN. He was first a political officer in a battalion and then in the 301st Regiment, before becoming Political Officer in the 7th Military Region, equal to Southeastern Vietnam, assigned to Saigon from October 1948 to 1950.

After the Indochina Conference in 1954 in Geneva he was an officer in the General Staff of the People's Army and promoted there in 1958 to the colonel (Đại tá). Between 1964 and 1968 he was head of the Human Resources Department of the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam (Việt Cộng).

In 1969 he became commander of Military Region No. 9 in the Mekong Delta (đồng bằng sông Cửu Long). After his promotion to Lieutenant General (Trung tướng), he participated in the Vietnam War on the Ho Chi Minh campaign against South Vietnam from December 1974 to April 1975 as commander of the units in West Vietnam (Hướng Tāy Nam). In May 1976 he was then again commander of the Military Region No. 9, before he was commander and political commissar of the Military Region No. 7 in Ho Chi Minh City from June 1978 to 1981. As such, in 1980 he was promoted to Colonel-General (Thượng tướng).

As a general Anh was the commander of the Vietnamese forces stationed in the People's Republic of Kampuchea in the 1980s. He formulated five key points for the defence of Cambodia against Khmer Rouge re-infiltration and was the architect of the K5 Plan.

Political career
Later he entered politics and he held a succession of government posts. During his time as Defence Minister General he was already a major conservative voice in Vietnam's political system. In 1989, after the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe, he warned about the alleged threat of the West undermining Vietnam's Communist Party, arguing for more army involvement in politics "at a time when Vietnamese socialism was under attack".

Between 1976 and 1997 Lê Đức Anh was also a member of the National Assembly (Quốc hội Việt Nam). From 1991 (to 1993) Anh controlled Vietnamese policy towards Cambodia and China and therefore was involved in the normalisation of Vietnam's relations with China in November 1991. He was the first Vietnamese president to visit Beijing in 38 years since an official visit in November 1993 to discuss economic relations and territorial disputes in the South China Sea; however, consensus was achieved only on the former issue.

In 1981 he was appointed Deputy Minister of Defense and Head of the Political Department in the Ministry of Defense (Bộ Quốc phòng). In the same year he was appointed commander of the Vietnamese army during the occupation of Cambodia and there in 1984 promoted to general.

Between 1982 and 2001 he was also a member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam (Bộ Chính trị Ban Chấp hành Trung ương Đảng Cộng sản Việt Nam).

After his return, he was the successor of the late in office General Lê Trọng Tấn from December 1986 to February 1987 Chief of the General Staff of the Vietnamese People's Army (Tổng Tham mưu trưởng Quân đội Nhân dân Việt Nam). He then followed General Văn Tiến Dũng as Secretary of Defense and retained this position until his replacement by General Đoàn Khuê in 1992.

President
In September 1992, he was elected to the new post of state president, replacing a collective presidency. Although a mostly symbolic position, the presidency became much more important during his tenure. On September 23, 1992, he succeeded Võ Chí Công as Chairman of the State Council and thus President of Vietnam. He held this office until his replacement by Trần Đức Lương on 24 September 1997.

For his services, General Lê Đức Anh received several awards, including the Order of the Golden Star (Huân chương Sao vàng) and the Ho Chi Minh Order (Huân chương Hồ Chí Minh).

Anh is considered to be the most ideologically conservative among the three political leaders during his tenure. Prime Minister Võ Văn Kiệt was associated with the reform camp and therefore often disagreed with Anh. Secretary-General of the Communist Party of Vietnam Đỗ Mười was ideologically more flexible and effectively came to be seen as representing the middle ground between Anh and Kiệt, but seems to have tended towards conservative positions.

His opposition to Kiệt's reform ambitions were part of a long-lasting rivalry. In 1991, Anh joined Đỗ Mười to support him in his candidacy for party leadership against Võ Văn Kiệt. The Kiệt camp later spread rumours about wrongdoings Anh was said to be involved in Cambodia.

Health
In mid-November 1996, he was hospitalized after a major stroke. This was at a time when the reform camp that he opposed was in decline and for some time his illness seemed to change the dynamics within the political leadership, weakening the conservative camp and reinvigorating the reform camp. However, Party leader Đỗ Mười led a counter-attack against the reform camp, warning of the dangers of the 'current market economy'. The conservative camp gained further momentum when Anh surprisingly recovered in April 1997. He stepped down as president in September 1997 after the Communist Party Congress, was replaced by Trần Đức Lương. He was an Advisor of the Party's Central Committee from December 1997 – 2001.

Personal life
In 1951, Anh married his first wife, Phạm Thị Anh (1925–2011) and had two daughters. In 1956, Anh married his second wife, Võ Thị Lê (1928 – 18 November 2016) and had one son and one daughter.

On 21 February 2018, he suffered a cerebral hemorrhage and was admitted to the Central Military Hospital 108 in Hanoi in critical condition. He was discharged in June and resumed public life, however he was readmitted in July. Lê Đức Anh died on 22 April 2019 at the age of 98. He was given a state funeral on 3–4 May 2019.

Death and road to funeral
On 22 April 2019, Lê Đức Anh died, aged 98, at 8:10 PM, local time, at house number 5A Hoàng Diệu in Hanoi. He was given a state funeral on 3–4 May, and his body lay in state at the national morgue in Hanoi until his burial in his home province of Ho Chi Minh City.