Labeo

Labeo is a genus of carps in the family Cyprinidae. They are found in freshwater habitats in the tropics and subtropics of Africa and Asia.

It contains the typical labeos in the subfamily Labeoninae, which may not be a valid group, however, and is often included in the Cyprininae as tribe Labeonini. If the Labeoninae are accepted as distinct, Labeonini is the name of the tribe in this subfamily to which the labeos belong. If the Labeonini are considered a tribe of the Cyprininae, the labeos are placed in subtribe Labeoina.

The labeos appear fairly similar to the "freshwater sharks" of the genus Epalzeorhynchos, which is also part of the Labeoninae (or Labeonini), but is not very closely related. Labeos are larger, and have a more spindle-shaped body, as they are mostly free-swimming rather than benthic like Epalzeorhynchos. Their mouths look very different, too; they have a pronounced rostral cap, which covers the upper lip except when feeding. The lips are expanded into thick, sausage-shaped pads which have keratinized edges. Thus, their mouth parts are moderately apomorphic; not as little-developed as in barbs or in Epalzeorhynchos, but neither as extensive as in, for example, Garra or Ptychidio. The genus name Labeo is Latin for "one who has large lips".

Labeos have the two barbels on the rostrum which are common among the Cyprinidae, and also another pair of barbels at the rear edges of the lower maxilla, which has been lost in some of their relatives. They have a well-developed vomeropalatine organ. In the Weberian apparatus, the posterior supraneural bone is elongated and contacts the skull at the forward end.

Species
There are the currently recognized species in this genus: • Labeo alluaudi Pellegrin, 1933

• Labeo alticentralis Tshibwabwa, 1997

• Labeo altivelis W. K. H. Peters, 1852 (rednose labeo)

• Labeo angra (Hamilton, 1822)

• Labeo annectens Boulenger, 1903

• Labeo ansorgii Boulenger, 1907 (Cunene labeo)

• Labeo baldasseronii di Caporiacco, 1948

• Labeo barbatulus (Sauvage, 1878)

• Labeo barbatus Boulenger, 1898

• Labeo bata (Hamilton, 1822) (bata)

• Labeo batesii Boulenger, 1911

• Labeo boga (Hamilton, 1822)

• Labeo boggut (Sykes, 1839) (boggut labeo)

• Labeo bottegi Vinciguerra, 1897

• Labeo boulengeri Vinciguerra, 1912

• Labeo brachypoma Günther, 1868

• Labeo caeruleus F. Day, 1877

• Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822) (orangefin labeo)

• Labeo camerunensis Trewavas, 1974

• Labeo capensis (A. Smith, 1841) (Orange River mudfish)

• Labeo catla (Hamilton 1822) (catla)

• Labeo chariensis Pellegrin, 1904

• Labeo chrysophekadion (Bleeker, 1850) (black sharkminnow)

• Labeo congoro W. K. H. Peters, 1852 (purple labeo)

• Labeo coubie Rüppell, 1832 (African carp)

• Labeo curchius (Hamilton, 1822)

• Labeo curriei Fowler, 1919

• Labeo cyclopinnis Nichols & Griscom, 1917

• Labeo cyclorhynchus Boulenger, 1899 (harlequin sharkminnow)

• Labeo cylindricus W. K. H. Peters, 1852 (redeye labeo)

• Labeo degeni Boulenger, 1920

• Labeo dhonti Boulenger, 1920

• Labeo djourae Blache & Miton, 1960

• Labeo dussumieri (Valenciennes, 1842)

• Labeo dyocheilus (McClelland, 1839)

• Labeo erythropterus Valenciennes, 1842

• Labeo falcipinnis Boulenger, 1903

• Labeo filiferus Plamoottil & Zupančič, 2017

• Labeo fimbriatus (Bloch, 1795) (fringed-lipped peninsula carp)

• Labeo fisheri D. S. Jordan & Starks, 1917 (green labeo, mountain labeo)

• Labeo forskalii Rüppell, 1835

• Labeo fuelleborni Hilgendorf & Pappenheim, 1903 (Fuelleborn's labeo)

• Labeo fulakariensis Tshibwabwa, Stiassny & Schelly, 2006

• Labeo gonius (Hamilton, 1822) (Kuria labeo, gnhora)

• Labeo greenii Boulenger, 1902

• Labeo gregorii Günther, 1894 (Gregori's labeo)

• Labeo heladiva Sudasinghe et al, 2018

• Labeo horie Heckel, 1847

• Labeo indramontri H. M. Smith, 1945

• Labeo kawrus (Sykes, 1839)

• Labeo kibimbi Poll, 1949

• Labeo kirkii Boulenger, 1903

• Labeo kontius (Jerdon, 1849) (pigmouth carp)

• Labeo lankae Deraniyagala, 1952

• Labeo latebra Moritz & Neumann, 2017

• Labeo lineatus Boulenger, 1898

• Labeo lividus Roberts & Stewart, 1976

• Labeo longipinnis Boulenger, 1898

• Labeo lualabaensis Tshibwabwa, 1997

• Labeo lukulae Boulenger, 1902 (red-spot mudsucker)

• Labeo luluae Fowler, 1930

• Labeo lunatus R. A. Jubb, 1963 (Upper Zambezi labeo)

• Labeo macmahoni Zugmayer, 1912

• Labeo macrostoma Boulenger, 1898

• Labeo meroensis Moritz, 2007

• Labeo mesops Günther, 1868 (tana labeo)

• Labeo microphthalmus F. Day, 1877

• Labeo mokotoensis Poll, 1939

• Labeo molybdinus du Plessis, 1963 (leaden labeo)

• Labeo nandina (Hamilton, 1822)

• Labeo nasus Boulenger, 1899

• Labeo nigrescens Day, 1870

• Labeo nigricans Boulenger, 1911

• Labeo nigripinnis F. Day, 1877

• Labeo niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Nile carp)

• Labeo nunensis Pellegrin, 1929

• Labeo pangusia (Hamilton, 1822)

• Labeo parvus Boulenger, 1902

• Labeo pellegrini Zolezzi, 1939

• Labeo percivali Boulenger, 1912 (Ewaso Nyiro labeo)

• Labeo pierrei (Sauvage, 1880)

• Labeo pietschmanni Machan, 1930

• Labeo polli Tshibwabwa, 1997

• Labeo porcellus (Heckel, 1844) (Bombay labeo)

• Labeo potail (Sykes, 1839)

• Labeo quadribarbis Poll & J. P. Gosse, 1963

• Labeo rajasthanicus A. K. Datta & Majumdar, 1970

• Labeo rectipinnis Tshibwabwa, 1997

• Labeo reidi Tshibwabwa, 1997

• Labeo ricnorhynchus (McClelland, 1839)

• Labeo rohita Hamilton, 1822 (rohu, roho labeo)

• Labeo rosae Steindachner, 1894

• Labeo roseopunctatus Paugy, Guégan & Agnèse, 1990

• Labeo rouaneti Daget, 1962

• Labeo rubromaculatus Gilchrist & W. W. Thompson, 1913 (Tugela labeo)

• Labeo ruddi Boulenger, 1907 (silver labeo)

• Labeo sanagaensis Tshibwabwa, 1997

• Labeo seeberi Gilchrist & W. W. Thompson, 1911 (Clanwilliam sandfish)

• Labeo senegalensis Valenciennes, 1842

• Labeo simpsoni Ricardo-Bertram, 1943

• Labeo sorex Nichols & Griscom, 1917

• Labeo stolizkae Steindachner, 1870

• Labeo trigliceps Pellegrin, 1926

• Labeo umbratus (A. Smith, 1841) (moggel)

• Labeo victorianus Boulenger, 1901 (ningu)

• Labeo vulgaris Heckel, 1847

• Labeo werneri Lohberger, 1929

• Labeo worthingtoni Fowler, 1958