Lagrangian Grassmannian

In mathematics, the Lagrangian Grassmannian is the smooth manifold of Lagrangian subspaces of a real symplectic vector space V. Its dimension is $1⁄2$n(n + 1) (where the dimension of V is 2n). It may be identified with the homogeneous space



where $U(n)/O(n)$ is the unitary group and $U(n)$ the orthogonal group. Following Vladimir Arnold it is denoted by Λ(n). The Lagrangian Grassmannian is a submanifold of the ordinary Grassmannian of V.

A  complex Lagrangian Grassmannian is the complex homogeneous manifold of Lagrangian subspaces of a complex symplectic vector space V of dimension 2n. It may be identified with the homogeneous space of complex dimension $1⁄2$n(n + 1)



where $O(n)$ is the compact symplectic group.

As a homogeneous space
To see that the Lagrangian Grassmannian Λ(n) can be identified with $Sp(n)/U(n)$, note that $$\mathbb{C}^n$$ is a 2n-dimensional real vector space, with the imaginary part of its usual inner product making it into a symplectic vector space. The Lagrangian subspaces of $$\mathbb{C}^n$$ are then the real subspaces $$L \subseteq \mathbb{C}^n$$ of real dimension n on which the imaginary part of the inner product vanishes. An example is $$\mathbb{R}^n \subseteq \mathbb{C}^n$$. The unitary group $Sp(n)$ acts transitively on the set of these subspaces, and the stabilizer of $$\mathbb{R}^n$$ is the orthogonal group $$\mathrm{O}(n) \subseteq \mathrm{U}(n)$$. It follows from the theory of homogeneous spaces that Λ(n) is isomorphic to $U(n)/O(n)$ as a homogeneous space of $U(n)$.

Topology
The stable topology of the Lagrangian Grassmannian and complex Lagrangian Grassmannian is completely understood, as these spaces appear in the Bott periodicity theorem: $$\Omega(\mathrm{Sp}/\mathrm U) \simeq \mathrm U/\mathrm O$$, and $$\Omega(\mathrm U/ \mathrm O) \simeq \mathbb{Z}\times \mathrm{BO}$$ – they are thus exactly the homotopy groups of the stable orthogonal group, up to a shift in indexing (dimension).

In particular, the fundamental group of $$U/O$$ is infinite cyclic. Its first homology group is therefore also infinite cyclic, as is its first cohomology group, with a distinguished generator given by the square of the determinant of a unitary matrix, as a mapping to the unit circle. Arnold showed that this leads to a description of the Maslov index, introduced by V. P. Maslov.

For a Lagrangian submanifold M of V, in fact, there is a mapping


 * $$M\to\Lambda(n)$$

which classifies its tangent space at each point (cf. Gauss map). The Maslov index is the pullback via this mapping, in


 * $$H^1(M, \mathbb{Z})$$

of the distinguished generator of


 * $$H^1(\Lambda(n), \mathbb{Z})$$.

Maslov index
A path of symplectomorphisms of a symplectic vector space may be assigned a Maslov index, named after V. P. Maslov; it will be an integer if the path is a loop, and a half-integer in general.

If this path arises from trivializing the symplectic vector bundle over a periodic orbit of a Hamiltonian vector field on a symplectic manifold or the Reeb vector field on a contact manifold, it is known as the Conley–Zehnder index. It computes the spectral flow of the Cauchy–Riemann-type operators that arise in Floer homology.

It appeared originally in the study of the WKB approximation and appears frequently in the study of quantization, quantum chaos trace formulas, and in symplectic geometry and topology. It can be described as above in terms of a Maslov index for linear Lagrangian submanifolds.