Largest prehistoric animals

The largest prehistoric animals include both vertebrate and invertebrate species. Many of them are described below, along with their typical range of size (for the general dates of extinction, see the link to each). Many species mentioned might not actually be the largest representative of their clade due to the incompleteness of the fossil record and many of the sizes given are merely estimates since no complete specimen have been found. Their body mass, especially, is largely conjecture because soft tissue was rarely fossilized. Generally the size of extinct species was subject to energetic and biomechanical constraints.

Caseasaurs (Caseasauria)
The herbivorous Alierasaurus was the largest caseid and the largest amniote to have lived at the time, with an estimated length around 6–7 m. Cotylorhynchus hancocki is also large, with an estimated length and weight of at least 6 m and more than 500 kg.

Edaphosaurids (Edaphosauridae)
The largest edaphosaurids were Lupeosaurus at 3 m long and Edaphosaurus, which could reach even more than 3 m in length.

Sphenacodontids (Sphenacodontidae)
The biggest carnivorous synapsid of Early Permian was Dimetrodon, which could reach 4.6 m and 250 kg. The largest members of the genus Dimetrodon were also the world's first fully terrestrial apex predators.

Tappenosauridae
The Middle Permian Tappenosaurus was estimated at 5.5 m in length, nearly as large as the largest dinocephalians.

Anomodonts (Anomodontia)
The plant-eating dicynodont Lisowicia bojani is the largest-known of all non-mammalian synapsids, at about 4.5 m long, 2.6 m tall, and 9000 kg in body mass.

Dinocephalians (Dinocephalia)
Among the largest carnivorous non-mammalian synapsids was the dinocephalian Anteosaurus, which was 5 - 6 m long, and weighed 500 - 600 kg. Fully grown Titanophoneus from the same family Anteosauridae likely had a skull of 1 m long. Another enormous dinocephalian was the Late Permian Eotitanosuchus (a possible synonym to Biarmosuchus ). Adult specimens could reach 6 m in length and over 600 kg in weight.

Gorgonopsians (Gorgonopsia)
Inostrancevia latifrons is the largest known gorgonopsian, with a skull length of more than 60 cm, a total length approaching 3.5 m and a mass of 300 kg. Rubidgea atrox is the largest African gorgonopsian, with skull of nearly 45 cm long. Other large gorgonopsians include Dinogorgon with skull of ~40 cm long, Leontosaurus with skull of almost 40 cm long, and Sycosaurus with skull of ~38 cm long.

Therocephalians (Therocephalia)
The largest of therocephalians is Scymnosaurus, which reached a size of the modern hyena.

Non-mammalian cynodonts (Cynodontia)

 * The largest known non-mammalian cynodont is Scalenodontoides, a traversodontid, which had a maximum skull length of approximately 61.7 cm based on a fragmentary specimen.
 * Paceyodon davidi was the largest of morganucodontans, cynodonts close to mammals. It is known by a right lower molariform 3.3 mm in length, which is bigger than molariforms of all other morganucodontans.
 * The largest known docodont was Castorocauda, almost 50 cm in length.

Gobiconodonts (Gobiconodonta)
The largest gobiconodont and the largest well-known Mesozoic mammal was Repenomamus. The known adult of Repenomamus giganticus reached a total length of around 1 m and an estimated mass of 12 - 14 kg. With such parameters it surpassed in size several small theropod dinosaurs of the Early Cretaceous. Gobiconodon was also a large mammal, it weighed 5.4 kg, had a skull of 10 cm in length, and had 35 cm in presacral body length.

Multituberculates (Multituberculata)
The largest multituberculate Taeniolabis taoensis is the largest non-therian mammal known, at a weight possibly exceeding 100 kg.

Monotremes (Monotremata)

 * The largest known monotreme (egg-laying mammal) ever was the extinct long-beaked echidna species known as Murrayglossus, known from a couple of bones found in Western Australia. It was the size of a sheep, weighing probably up to 30 kg.
 * The largest known ornithorhynchid is Obdurodon tharalkooschild, it was even larger than 70 cm-long Monotrematum sudamericanum.
 * Kollikodon was likely the largest monotreme in the Mesozoic. Its body length could be up to a 1 m.

Metatherians (Metatheria)

 * The largest non-marsupial metatherian was Thylacosmilus, weigh 80 to 120 kg, one estimate suggesting even 150 kg. Proborhyaenid Proborhyaena gigantea is estimated to weigh over 50 kg and possibly reached 150 kg. Australohyaena is another large metatherian, weighing up to 70 kg.
 * Stagodontid mammal Didelphodon was one of the largest Mesozoic metatherians and all Cretaceous mammals. Its skull could reach over 10 cm in length and a weight of complete animal was 5.2 kg.

Marsupials (Marsupialia)

 * The largest known marsupial, and the largest metatherian, is the extinct Diprotodon, about 3 m long, standing 2 m tall and weighing up to 2786 kg. Fellow vombatiform Palorchestes azael was similar in length being around 2.5 m, with body mass estimates indicating it could exceed 1,000 kg.
 * The largest known carnivorous marsupial was Thylacoleo carnifex. Measurements taken from a number of specimens show they averaged 101 to 164 kg in weight.
 * The largest known kangaroo was an as yet unnamed species of Macropus, estimated to weigh 274 kg, larger than the largest known specimen of Procoptodon, which could grow up to 2 m and weigh 230 kg. Some species from the genus Sthenurus were similar in size or a bit larger than the extant grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus).
 * The largest potoroid ever recorded was Borungaboodie, which was nearly 30% bigger than the largest living species and weighted up to 10 kg.

Cimolestans (Cimolesta)
The largest known cimolestan is Coryphodon, 1 m high at the shoulder, 2.5 m long and up to 700 kg of mass. Barylambda was also a huge mammal, at 650 kg. Wortmania and Psittacotherium from the group Taeniodonta were among the largest mammals of the Early Paleocene. Lived as soon as half a million years after K–Pg boundary, Wortmania reached 20 kg in body mass. Psittacotherium, which appeared two million years later, reached 50 kg.

Leptictids (Leptictida)
The largest leptictid ever discovered is Leptictidium tobieni from the Middle Eocene of Germany. It had a skull 101 mm long, head with trunk 375 mm long, and tail 500 mm long. Close European relatives from the same family Pseudorhyncocyonidae had skulls of 67 - 101 mm in length.

Tenrecs and allies (Afroscida)
The larger of the two species of bibymalagasy (Plesiorycteropus madagascariensis), extinct tenrec relatives from Madagascar, is estimated to have weighed from 10 to 18 kilograms (21 to 40 lb).

Even-toed ungulates (Artiodactyla)

 * The largest known land-dwelling artiodactyl was Hippopotamus gorgops with a length of 4.3 m, a height of 2.1 m, and a weight of 5 t.
 * Daeodon and similar in size and morphology Paraentelodon were the largest-known entelodonts that ever lived, at 12 ft long and 1.77 m high at the shoulder. The huge Andrewsarchus from the Eocene of Inner Mongolia had skull 83.4 cm long though the taxonomy of this genus is disputed.
 * The largest of Bovinae as well as the largest bovid was Bison latifrons. It reached a weight from 1250 kg to 2,000 kg, 4.75 m in length, shoulder height of 2.31 m, and had horns that spanned 2.13 m. The North American Bison antiquus reached up to 4.6 m long, 2.27 m tall, weight of 1588 kg, and horn span of 1 m. The African Pelorovis reached 2 t in weight and had bony cores of the horns about 1 m long. Another enormous bovid, the african giant buffalo (Syncerus antiquus) reached 3 m in length from muzzle to the end of the tail, 1.85 m in height at the withers, 1.7 m in height at the hindquarters, and the distance between the tips of its horns was as large as 2.4 m. Aside from local populations and subspecies of extant species, such as the gaur population in Sri Lanka, European bison in British Isles, Caucasian wisent and Carpathian wisent, the largest modern extinct bovid is aurochs (Bos primigenius) with an average height at the shoulders of 155 - 180 cm in bulls and 135 - 155 cm in cows, while aurochs populations in Hungary had bulls reaching 155 –. The kouprey (Bos sauveli), reaching 1.7 - 1.9 m in shoulder height,  has existed since the Middle Pleistocene and is also considered to be possibly extinct.
 * The long-legged Megalotragus is possibly the largest known alcelaphine bovid, bigger than the extant wildebeest. The tips of horns of M. priscus were located at a distance of about 1.2 m from each other.
 * The extinct cervid Irish elk (Megaloceros giganteus) reached over 7 ft in height, 1500 lb in mass and could have antlers spanning up to 4.3 m across, about twice the maximum span for a moose's antlers. The giant moose (Cervalces latifrons) reached 2.1 to 2.4 m high and was twice as heavy as the Irish elk but its antler span at 2.5 m was smaller than that of Megaloceros. North American stag-moose (Cervalces scotti) reached 2.5 m in length and a weight of 708.5 kg.
 * The largest known giraffid, aside from the extant giraffe, is Sivatherium, with a body weight of 1250 kg.
 * The largest protoceratid was Synthetoceras, it reached 2 m long and 150 – in mass.
 * The largest known wild suid to ever exist was Kubanochoerus gigas, having measured up to 500 kg and stood around 1 m tall at the shoulder. Megalochoerus could be similar in size, possibly weighing 303 kg or 526 kg.
 * The largest tayassuid extinct Platygonus species were similar in size to modern peccaries especially giant peccary, at around 1 m in body length, and had long legs, allowing them to run well. They also had a pig-like snout and long tusks which were probably used to fend off predators.
 * The largest camelid was Titanotylopus from the Miocene of North America. It possibly reached 2485.6 kg and a shoulder height of over 3.4 m. The Syrian camel (Camelus moreli) was twice as big as the modern camels. It was 3 m at the shoulder and 4 m tall. Camelops had legs to be 20% longer than that of Dromedary, and was about 2.3 m tall at the shoulder and weighed about 1000 kg.

Cetaceans (Cetacea)

 * The heaviest archeocete, and possibly the heaviest known mammal was Perucetus, with weight estimated at 85-340 t, while length is estimated at 17.0-20.1 m. The longest of known Eocene archeocete whales was Basilosaurus at 17 - 20 m in length.
 * The largest squalodelphinid was Macrosqualodelphis at 3.5 m in length.
 * Some Neogene rorquals were comparable in size to modern huge relatives. Parabalaenoptera was estimated to be about the size of the modern gray whale, about 16 m long. Some balaenopterids perhaps rivaled the blue whale in terms of size, though other studies disagree that any baleen whale grew that large in the Miocene.

Odd-toed ungulates (Perissodactyla)

 * The largest known perissodactyl, and the second largest land mammal (see Palaeoloxodon namadicus) of all time was the hornless rhino Paraceratherium. The largest individual known was estimated at 4.8 m tall at the shoulders, 7.4 m in length from nose to rump, and 17 tonne in weight.
 * Some prehistoric horned rhinos also grew to large sizes. The biggest Elasmotherium reached up to 5 - 5.2 m long, 2.5 m high and weighed 3.5 - 5 t. Such parameters make it the largest rhino of the Quaternary. Woolly rhinoceros (Coelodonta antiquitatis) of the same time reached 1100 - 1500 kg or 2000 kg,  1.93 m at the shoulder height and 4.6 m in length.
 * Metamynodon, an amynodontid, reached 4 m in length, comparable to Hippopotamus in measurement and shape.
 * The giant tapir (Tapirus augustus) was the largest tapir ever, at about 623 kg and 1 m tall at the shoulders. Earlier, this mammal was estimated even bigger, at 1.5 m tall, and assigned to the separate genus Megatapirus.
 * One of the biggest chalicotheres was Moropus. It stood about 8 ft tall at the shoulder.
 * Late Eocene perissodactyls from the family Brontotheriidae attained huge sizes. The North American Megacerops (also known as Brontotherium ) reached 2.5 m tall at the shoulders, 5 m in length, and 3 t in weight. Embolotherium from Asia was equal in size.
 * The largest prehistoric horse was Equus giganteus of North America. It was estimated to grow to more than 1250 kg and 2 m at the shoulders. The largest anchitherine equid was Hypohippus at 403 to 600 kg, comparable to large modern domestic horses. Megahippus is another large anchitheriine. With the body mass of 266.2 kg it was much heavier than most of its close relatives.

Phenacodontids (Phenacodontidae)
The largest known phenacodontid is Phenacodus. It was 1.5 m long and weighed up to 56 kg.

Dinoceratans (Dinocerata)
The largest known dinoceratan was Eobasileus with skull length of 102 cm, 2.1 m tall at the back and 1.5 m tall at the shoulder. Another huge animal of this group was Uintatherium, with skull length of 76 cm, 1.5 m tall at the shoulder, 4 m in length and 2.25 t, the size of a rhinoceros. Despite their large size, Eobasileus as well as Uintatherium had a very small brain.

Caniformia

 * The largest terrestrial mammalian carnivore and the largest known bear, as well as the largest known mammalian land predator of all time, was Arctotherium angustidens, the South American short-faced bear. A humerus of A. angustidens from Buenos Aires indicates that the males of the species could have weighed 1,588 - 1,749 kg and stood at least 11 ft tall on their hind-limbs. Another huge bear was the giant short-faced bear (Arctodus simus), with the average weight of 625 kg and the maximum estimated at 957 kg. There is a guess that the largest individuals of this species could reached even larger mass, up to 1200 kg. The extinct cave bear (Ursus spelaeus) was also heavier than many recent bears. Largest males weighed as much as 1000 kg. Ailuropoda baconi from the Pleistocene was larger than the modern giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca).
 * The biggest odobenid and one of the biggest pinnipeds to have ever existed is Pontolis magnus, with a skull length of 60 cm (twice as large as the skulls of modern male walruses) and having a total body length of more than 4 m. Only the modern male elephant seals (Mirounga) reach similar sizes. The second largest prehistoric pinniped is Gomphotaria pugnax with a skull length of nearly 47 cm.
 * One of the largest of prehistoric otariids is Thalassoleon, comparable in size to the biggest extant fur seals. An estimated weight of T. mexicanus is no less than 295 –.
 * The biggest known mustelid to ever exist was likely the giant otter, Enhydriodon. It exceeded 3 m in length, and would have weighed in at around 200 kg, much larger than any other known mustelid, living or extinct. There were other giant otters, like Siamogale, at around 50 kg and Megalenhydris, which was larger than a modern-day giant river otter. Megalictis was the largest purely terrestrial mustelid (although Enhydriodon had recently been mentioned as the largest mustelid that also happens to be a terrestrial predator ). Similar in size to the jaguar, Megalictis ferox had even wider skull, almost as wide as of the black bear. Megalictis had a powerful bite force, allowing it to eat large prey and crush bones, as modern hyenas and jaguars can. Another large-bodied mustelid was the superficially cat-like Ekorus from the Miocene of Africa. At almost 44 kg, the long-legged Ekorus was about the size of a wolf and filling a similar to leopards ecological niche before big cats came to the continent. Other huge mustelids include Perunium and hypercarnivorous Eomellivora, both from the Late Miocene.
 * The heaviest procyonid was possibly South American Chapalmalania. It reached 1.5 m in body length with a short tail and 150 kg, comparable in size to an American black bear (Ursus americanus). Another huge procyonid was Cyonasua, which weighted about 15 –, about the same size as a medium-sized dog.
 * The largest canid of all time was Epicyon haydeni, which stood 90 cm tall at the shoulder, had a body length of 2.4 m and weighed 100 –,  with the heaviest known specimen weighing up to 170 kg. The extinct dire wolf (Aenocyon dirus) reached 1.5 m in length and weighed between 50 and 110 kg. The largest wolf (Canis lupus) subspecies ever existed in Europe is the Canis lupus maximus from the Late Pleistocene of France. Its long bones are 10% larger than those of extant European wolves and 20% longer than those of C. l. lunellensis. The Late Pleistocene Italian wolf was morphometrically close to C. l. maximus.
 * The largest bear-dog was a species of Pseudocyon weighing around 773 kg, representing a very large individual.

Feliformia

 * The largest nimravid was probably Quercylurus major as its fossils suggest it was similar in size to the modern-day brown bear and was scansorial. In 2021, Eusmilus was declared as the largest of the holplophonine nimravids, reaching the weight of nearly 111 kg, comparable to a small African lion. However, the largest Hoplophoneus was estimated at 160 kg.
 * The biggest saber-toothed cats are Amphimachairodus kabir and Smilodon populator, with the males possibly reaching 350 - 490 kg and 220 - 450 kg respectively. Another contender for the largest felid of all time is Machairodus. M. horribilis from China was estimated at 405 kg while the North American M. lahayishupup weighed up to 410 kg.  Xenosmilus was also a huge cat. It reached around 2 m long and weighed around 300 - 350 kg.
 * The heaviest known pantherine felids are the Ngangdong tiger (Panthera tigris soloensis), which are estimated to have weighed up to 486 kg, the American lion (Panthera atrox), weighing up to 363 kg, the Eurasian cave lion (Panthera spelaea), weighing up to 339 kg, and the Natodomeri lion of eastern Africa, which was comparable in size to large members of P. atrox. Being the ancestor of the modern jaguar, Panthera gombaszoegensis was much larger, up to 150 kg in maximum weight.
 * Some extinct feline felids also surpassed their modern relatives in size. The Eurasian giant cheetah (Acinonyx pardinensis) reached 60-121 kg, approximately twice as large as the modern cheetah. The North American Pratifelis was larger than the extant cougar.
 * The largest barbourofelid was Barbourofelis fricki, with the shoulder height of 90 cm.
 * The largest viverrid known to have existed is Viverra leakeyi, which was around the size of a wolf or small leopard at 41 kg.
 * The largest known fossil hyena is Pachycrocuta, estimated at 90 - 100 cm at the shoulder and 190 kg weight. Another huge hyena with mass over 100 kg is the cave hyena. It is actually a subspecies of the African spotted hyena, which is at 10% smaller than the extinct cave hyena.
 * The percrocutid feliform, Dinocrocuta, was two or even three times as large as the extant spotted hyena, 160 or.
 * The extinct giant fossa (Cryptoprocta spelea) had a body mass in range from 17 kg to 20 kg, much larger than the modern fossa weighs (up to 8.6 kg for adult males ).

Hyaenodonts (Hyaenodonta)
The largest hyaenodont was Simbakubwa at 1,500 kg. Another giant hyaenodont, Megistotherium reached 500 kg and had a skull of 66.4 cm in length.

Oxyaenids (Oxyaenidae)
The largest known oxyaenid was Sarkastodon weighing in at 800 kg.

Mesonychians (Mesonychia)
Some mesonychians reached a size of a bear. Such large were Mongolonyx from Asia and Ankalagon from North America. Another large mesonychian is Harpagolestes with a skull length of a half a meter in some species.

Bats (Chiroptera)
Found in Quaternary deposits of South and Central Americas, Desmodus draculae had a wingspan of 0.5 m and a body mass of up to 60 g. Such proportions make it the largest vampire bat that ever evolved.

Hedgehogs, gymnures, shrews, and moles (Eulipotyphla)
The largest known animal of the group Eulipotyphla was Deinogalerix, measuring up to 60 cm in total length, with a skull up to 21 cm long.

Rodents (Rodentia)

 * Several of the extinct South American dinomyids were much bigger than the modern rodents. Josephoartigasia monesi was the largest-known rodent of all time, approximately weighing an estimated 480–500 kg. Phoberomys pattersoni weighed 125 - 150 kg. Both Josephoartigasia and Phoberomys reached about 1.5 m tall at the shoulder. Another huge dinomyid, Telicomys gigantissimus had a minimal weight of 200 kg.
 * Amblyrhiza inundata from the family Heptaxodontidae was a massive animal, it weighed 50 - 200 kg.
 * The largest beaver was the giant beaver (Castoroides) of North America. It grew over 2 m in length and weighed roughly 90 to 125 kg, also making it one of the largest rodents to ever exist.
 * The largest old world porcupine are the Hystrix refossa was larger than living porcupines. It was approximately 20% larger than its closest relative, the living Indian porcupine (H. indica), reaching lengths of over 115 cm.

Rabbits, hares, and pikas (Lagomorpha)
The biggest known prehistoric lagomorph is Minorcan giant lagomorph Nuralagus rex at 12 kg.

Pangolins (Pholidota)
The largest pangolin was the extinct Manis palaeojavanica Its total length is measured up to 2.5 m.

Primates (Primates)

 * The largest known primate as well as the largest hominid of all time was Gigantopithecus blackii, standing 3 m tall and weighing 1,200 lb. However In 2017, new studies suggested a body mass of 200–300 kg for this primate. Another giant hominid was Meganthropus palaeojavanicus at 2.4 m in body height, although it is known from very poor remains.
 * During the Pleistocene, some archaic humans were close in sizes or even larger than early modern humans. Neanderthals (Homo neanderthalensis) reached 77.6 kg and 66.4 kg in average weight for males and females, respectively, larger than the parameters of modern humans (Homo sapiens) (68.5 kg and 59.2 kg for males and females, respectively). A tibia from Kabwe (Zambia) indicates an indeterminate Homo individual of possibly 181.2 cm in height. It was one of the tallest humans of the Middle Pleistocene and noticeably large even compared to recent humans. The tallest Homo sapiens individuals from the Middle Pleistocene of Spain reached 194 cm and 174 cm for males and females, respectively. Some Homo erectus could be as large as 185 cm tall and 68 kg in weight.
 * The largest known Old World monkey is the prehistoric baboon, with a male specimen of Dinopithecus projected to weigh an average of 46 kg and up to 57 kg. It exceeds the maximum weight record of the chacma baboon, the largest extant baboon. One source projects a specimen of Theropithecus oswaldi to have weighed 72 kg.
 * The largest known New World monkey was Cartelles, which is studied as specimen of Protopithecus, weighing up to 34.27 kg. Caipora bambuiorum is another large species, weighing up to 27.74 kg.
 * The largest omomyids were Macrotarsius and Ourayia from the Middle Eocene. Both reached 1.5 - 2 kg in weight.
 * Some prehistoric lemuriform primates grew to huge sizes as well. Archaeoindris was a 1.5 m sloth lemur that lived in Madagascar and weighed 150 –, as large as an adult male gorilla. Palaeopropithecus from the same family was also heavier than most modern lemurs, at 25.8 - 45.8 kg. Megaladapis is another large extinct lemur at 1.3 to 1.5 m in length and an average body mass of around 140 kg. Other estimates suggest 46.5 - 85.1 kg but its still much larger than any extant lemur.

Elephants, mammoths, and mastodons (Proboscidea)

 * The largest known land mammal ever was a proboscidean called Palaeoloxodon namadicus which weighed about 22 t and measured about 5.2 m tall at the shoulder. The largest individuals of the steppe mammoth of Eurasia (Mammuthus trogontherii) estimated to reach 4.5 m at the shoulders and 14.3 t in weight. Stegodon zdanskyi, the biggest species of Stegodon, was 13 t in body mass. Another enormous proboscidean is Stegotetrabelodon syrticus, over 4 m in height and 11 to 12 t in weight. The Columbian mammoth (Mammuthus columbi) was about 4 m tall at the shoulder but didn't weigh as much as other huge mammoths. Its average mass was 9.5 t with one unusually large specimen about 12.5 t. Columbian mammoths had very long tusks. The largest known mammoth tusk, 4.9 m long, belonged to this species.
 * The largest mammutid was the Neogene Mammut borsoni. The biggest specimen reached 4.1 m tall and weighed about 16 t. This species also had the longest tusks, 5.02 m long from basis to tip along the curve.
 * Deinotherium was the largest proboscidean in Deinotheriidae family. Bones retrieved in Crete confirm the existence of specimen 4.1 m tall at the shoulders and more than 14 t in weight.

Sea cows (Sirenia)
According to reports, Steller's sea cows have grown to 8 to 9 m long as adults, much larger than any extant sirenians. The weight of Steller's sea cows is estimated to be 8 - 10 MT.

Arsinoitheres (Arsinoitheriidae)
The largest known arsinoitheriid was Arsinoitherium. A. zitteli would have been 1.75 m tall at the shoulders, and 3 m long. A. giganteum reached even larger size than ''A. zitteli. ''

Hyraxes (Hyracoidea)
Some of the prehistoric hyraxes were extremely large compared to modern small relatives. The largest hyracoid ever evolved is Titanohyrax ultimus. With the mass estimation in rage of 600 kg to over 1300 kg it was close in size to Sumatran rhinoceros. Another enormous hyrax is Megalohyrax which had skull of 391 mm in length and reached the size of tapir. More recent Gigantohyrax was three times as large as the extant relative Procavia capensis, although it is noticeably smaller than earlier Megalohyrax and Titanohyrax.

Desmostylians (Desmostylia)
The largest known desmostylian was a species of Desmostylus, with skull length of 81.8 cm and comparable in size to the Steller's sea cow.

Paleoparadoxia is also known as one of the largest desmostylians, with body length of 3.03 m.

Armadillos, glyptodonts and pampatheres (Cingulata)
The largest cingulate known is Doedicurus, at 4 m long, 1.5 m high and reaching a mass of approximately 1910 to 2370 kg. The largest species of Glyptodon, Glyptodon clavipes, reached 3 - 3.3 m in length and 2 tonne in weight.

Anteaters and sloths (Pilosa)
The largest known pilosan is Eremotherium, a ground sloth with an estimated weight of up to 6.55 tonne and a length of up to 6 m, which is as big as a bull African bush elephant. The closely related ground sloth Megatherium attained similarly large dimensions.

Astrapotherians (Astrapotheria)
Some of the largest known astrapotherians weighed about 3–4 tonne, including the genus Granastrapotherium and some species of Parastrapotherium (P. martiale). The skeleton remains suggests that the species Hilarcotherium miyou was even larger, with a weight of 6.456 tonne.

Litopterns (Litopterna)
The largest known litoptern was Macrauchenia, which had three hoofs per foot. It was a relatively large animal, with a body length of around 3 m.

Notoungulates (Notoungulata)
The largest notoungulate known of complete remains is Toxodon. It was about 2.7 m in body length, and about 1.5 m high at the shoulder and resembled a heavy rhinoceros. Although incomplete, the preserved fossils suggests that Mixotoxodon were the most massive member of the group, with a weight about 3.8 tonne.

Pyrotherians (Pyrotheria)
The largest mammal of the South American order Pyrotheria was Pyrotherium at 2.9 – in length and 1.8 – in weight.

Lizards and snakes (Squamata)

 * Giant mosasaurs are the largest-known animals within the Squamata. The largest-known mosasaur is likely Mosasaurus hoffmanni, estimated at more than 17 m in length, however these estimations are based on heads and total body length ratio 1:10, which is unlikely for Mosasaurus, and probably that ratio is about 1:7. Another giant mosasaur is Tylosaurus, estimated at 10 - 14 m in length.  Another mosasaur, Prognathodon can reach similar size.
 * The largest known prehistoric snake is Titanoboa cerrejonensis, estimated at 12.8 m or even 14.3 m in length and 1135 kg in weight, and madtsoiid Vasuki indicus which is estimated to reach between 11-15 m. A close rival in size to those snakes is palaeophiid marine snake Palaeophis colossaeus, which may have been around 9 m in length or even up to 12.3 m. Another known very large fossil snake is Gigantophis garstini, estimated at 9.3 – in length, although later study shows smaller estimation about 6.6 –. The largest fossil python is Liasis dubudingala with length roughly 9 m. The largest viper as well as the largest venomous snake ever recorded is Laophis crotaloides from the Early Pliocene of Greece. This snake reached over 3 m in length and 26 kg in weight.  Another huge fossil viper is indeterminate species of Vipera. With a length of around 2 m it was one of the biggest predators of Mallorca during the Early Pliocene. The largest known blind snake is Boipeba tayasuensis with estimated total length of 1.1 m.
 * The largest known land lizard is probably megalania (Varanus priscus) at 7 m in length. As extant relatives, megalania could have been venomous and in that case this lizard was also the largest venomous vertebrate ever evolved. However, maximum size of this animal is subject to debate.

Cryptodira

 * The largest known turtle ever was Archelon ischyros at 5 m long and 2200 kg. Possible second-largest sea turtle was Protostega at 3.9 m in total body length. There is even a larger specimen of this genus from Texas estimated at 4.2 m in total length. Partially known Cratochelone is estimated to reach 4 m in total length. Another huge prehistoric sea turtle is the Late Cretaceous Gigantatypus, estimated at over 3.5 m in length. Psephophorus terrypratchetti from the Eocene attained 2.3 - 2.5 m in body length.
 * The largest tortoise was Megalochelys atlas at up to 2 m in shell length and weighing 0.8 - 1.0 t. M. margae had carapace of 1.4 - 2 m long; an unnamed species from Java reached at least 1.75 m in carapace length. The Cenozoic Titanochelon were also larger than extant giant tortoises, with a shell length of up to 2 m. Other giant tortoises include Centrochelys marocana at 1.8 - 2 m in carapace length and Mesoamerican Hesperotestudo sp. at 1.5 m in carapace length.
 * The largest trionychid ever recorded is indeterminate specimen GSP-UM 3019 from the Middle Eocene of Pakistan. Bony carapace of GSP-UM 3019 is 120 cm long and 110 cm wide indicates the total carapace diameter (with soft margin) about 2 m. Drazinderetes tethyensis from the same formation had a bony carapace 80 cm long and 70 cm wide. Another huge trionychid is North American Axestemys byssinus at over 2 m in total length.

Side-necked turtles (Pleurodira)
The largest freshwater turtle of all time was the Miocene podocnemid Stupendemys, with an estimated parasagittal carapace length of 2.86 m and weight of up to 1145 kg. Carbonemys cofrinii from the same family had a shell that measured about 1.72 m,  complete shell was estimated at 1.8 m.

Macrobaenids (Macrobaenidae)
The largest macrobaenids were the Early Cretaceous Yakemys, Late Cretaceous Anatolemys, and Paleocene Judithemys. All reached 70 cm in carapace length.

Meiolaniformes
The largest meiolaniid was Meiolania. Meiolania platyceps had a carapace 100 cm long and probably reached over 3 m in total body length. An unnamed Late Pleistocene species from Queensland was even larger, up to 200 cm in carapace length. Ninjemys oweni reached 100 cm in carapace length and 200 kg in weight.

Placodonts and close relatives (Placodontiformes)
Placodus was among the largest placodonts, with a length of up to 3 m.

Nothosaurs and close relatives (Nothosauroidea)
The largest nothosaur as well as the largest Triassic sauropterygian was Nothosaurus giganteus at 7 m in length.

Plesiosaurs (Plesiosauria)

 * The largest known plesiosauroid was an indeterminate specimen possibly belonging to Aristonectes (identified as cf. Aristonectes sp.), with a body length of 11 - 11.9 m and body mass of 10.7 - 13.5 MT. Another long plesiosauroid was Albertonectes at 11.2-11.6 m. Thalassomedon rivaled it in size, with its length at 10.86–11.6 m. Other large plesiosauroids are Styxosaurus and Elasmosaurus. Both reached some more than 10 m in length. Hydralmosaurus (previously synonymized with Elasmosaurus and Styxosaurus) reached 9.44 m in total body length. In past, Mauisaurus was considered to be more than 8 m in length, but later it was determined as nomen dubium.
 * There is much controversy over the largest-known of the Pliosauroidea. Pliosaurus funkei (also known as "Predator X") is a species of large pliosaur, known from remains discovered in Norway in 2008. This pliosaur has been estimated at 10 - 13 m in length. However, in 2002, a team of paleontologists in Mexico discovered the remains of a pliosaur nicknamed as "Monster of Aramberri", which is also estimated at 15 m in length, with shorter estimation about 11.5 m. This species is, however, claimed to be a juvenile and has been attacked by a larger pliosaur. Some media sources claimed that Monster of Aramberri was a Liopleurodon but its species is unconfirmed thus far. Another very large pliosaur was Pliosaurus macromerus, known from a single 2.8 m incomplete mandible. The Early Cretaceous Kronosaurus queenslandicus is estimated at 9 - 10.9 m in length and 10.6 - 12.1 t in weight. The Late Jurassic Megalneusaurus rex could reach lengths of 25 - 30 ft.  Close contender in size was the Late Cretaceous Megacephalosaurus eulerti with a length in range of 6 - 9 m.

Proterosuchids (Proterosuchidae)
Proterosuchus fergusi is the largest known proterosuchid with a skull length of 47.7 cm and a possible body length of 3.5 - 4 m.

Erythrosuchids (Erythrosuchidae)
The largest erythrosuchid was Erythrosuchus africanus with a maximum length of 4.75 - 5 m.

Phytosaurs (Phytosauria)
Some of the largest known phytosaurs include Redondasaurus with a length of 6.4 m and Smilosuchus with a length of more than 7 m.

Non-crocodylomorph pseudosuchians (Pseudosuchia)

 * The largest shuvosaurid and one of the largest pseudosuchian from the Triassic period was Sillosuchus. Biggest specimens could have reached 9 - 10 m in length.
 * The largest known carnivorous pseudosuchian of the Triassic is loricatan Fasolasuchus tenax, which measured an estimated of 8 to 10 m. It is both the largest "rauisuchian" known to science, and the largest non-dinosaurian terrestrial predator ever discovered. Biggest individuals of Postosuchus and Saurosuchus had a body length of around 7 m. A specimen of Prestosuchus discovered in 2010 suggest that this animal also reached lengths of nearly 7 m making it one of the largest Triassic pseudosuchians.
 * Desmatosuchus was likely one of the largest known aetosaurs, about 4 - 6 m in length and 280 kg in weight.

Aegyptosuchids (Aegyptosuchidae)
The Late Cretaceous Aegisuchus is the main contender for the title of the largest crocodylomorph ever recorded. It reached 15 m in length by the lower estimate and as much as 22 m by the upper estimate, although a length of over 15 m is likely an overestimate.

Crocodylians (Crocodylia)

 * The largest caiman and likely the largest crocodylian was Purussaurus brasiliensis estimated at 11 - 13 m. According to another information, maximum estimate measure 11.4 m and almost 7.8 tonne in length and in weight respectively. Another giant caiman was Mourasuchus. Various estimates suggest the biggest specimens reached 9.47 m in length and 8.5 tonne in weight or 4.7 – in body length.
 * The largest alligatoroid is likely Deinosuchus riograndensis at 12 m long and weighing 8.5 tonne.
 * The largest extinct species of the genus Alligator was the Haile alligator (Alligator hailensis), which had a skull 52.5 cm long and was similar in size to the extant American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis).
 * The largest gavialids were Asian Rhamphosuchus at 8 – and South American Gryposuchus at 10.15 m in length.
 * The basal crocodyloidean Astorgosuchus bugtiensis from the Oligocene was large. It estimated at 8 m in length.
 * The largest known true crocodile was Euthecodon which estimated to have reached 6.4 - 8.6 m or even 10 m long. The largest species of the modern Crocodylus were Kenyan Crocodylus thorbjarnarsoni at 7.56 m in length, Tanzanian Crocodylus anthropophagus at 7.5 m in length and indeterminate species from Kali Gedeh (Java) at 6 - 7 m in length.
 * The largest known mekosuchian is Paludirex vincenti, which is estimated to reach up to 5 m. Partial jaw specimen from Pliocene that is attributed to Quinkana suggest an individual about 6-7 m in length, although other species (known from Oligocene to Pleistocene) are smaller with length around 1.5-3 m.

Paralligatorids (Paralligatoridae)
The largest paralligatorid was likely Kansajsuchus estimated at up to 8 m long.

Tethysuchians (Tethysuchia)

 * Some extinct pholidosaurids reached giant sizes. In the past, the Sarcosuchus imperator was believed to be the largest crocodylomorph, with initial estimates proposing a length of 12 m and a weight of 8 tonne. However, recent estimates have now shrunk to a length of 9 to 9.5 m and a weight of 3.5 to 4.3 MT. Related to Sarcosuchus, Chalawan thailandicus could reached more than 10 m in length, although other estimates suggest 7 - 8 m.
 * The largest dyrosaurid was Phosphatosaurus gavialoides estimated at 9 m in length.

Stomatosuchids (Stomatosuchidae)
Stomatosuchus, a stomatosuchid, estimated at 10 m in length.

Notosuchians (Notosuchia)

 * Some of largest terrestrial notosuchian crocodylomorphs were the Miocene sebecid Barinasuchus, with a skull of 95 - 110 cm long, and Eocene sebecid Dentaneosuchus with estimated mandible length of 1 m. Various estimates suggest a possible length of these animals between 3 - 10 m. Using proportion of Stratiotosuchus which is also large to have 47 cm long skull, Barinasuchus is estimated to have length at least 6.3 m.
 * Other huge notosuchian, although only known from fragmentary material, is an early member Razanandrongobe, which skull size may exceeded that of Barinasuchus and overall length may be around 7 m.

Thalattosuchians (Thalattosuchia)

 * The largest thalattosuchian as well as the largest teleosauroid was unnamed fossil remain from Paja Formation, which may belongs to animal with length of 9.6 m, which is as large as outdated length estimate of the Early Cretaceous Machimosaurus rex, more recently estimated at 7.15 m in length. Neosteneosaurus edwardsi (previously known as Steneosaurus edwardsi ) was the biggest Middle Jurassic crocodylomorph, it reached 6.6 m long.
 * Plesiosuchus was very large metriorhynchid. With the length of 6.83 m it exceeded even some pliosaurids of the same time and locality such as Liopleurodon. Other huge metriorhynchids include Tyrannoneustes at 5 m in length and Torvoneustes at 4.7 m in length.

Basal crocodylomorphs
Redondavenator was the largest Triassic crocodylomorph ever recorded, with a skull of at least 60 cm in length. Another huge basal crocodylomorph was Carnufex at 3 m long even through that is immature.

Pterosaurs (Pterosauria)

 * The largest known pterosaur was Quetzalcoatlus northropi, at 127 kg and with a wingspan of 10 - 12 m. Another close contender is Hatzegopteryx, also with a wingspan of 12 m or more. This estimate is based on a skull 3 m long. Yet another possible contender for the title is Cryodrakon which had a 10 m wingspan. An unnamed pterodactyloid pterosaur from the Nemegt Formation could reach a wingspan of nearly 10 m. According to various assumptions, the wingspan of Arambourgiania philadelphiae reached from 8 m to more than 10 m. South American Tropeognathus reached the maximum wingspan of 8.7 m.
 * The largest of non-pterodactyloid pterosaurs as well as the largest Jurassic pterosaur was Dearc, with an estimated wingspan between 2.2 m and 3.8 m. Only a fragmentary rhamphorhynchid specimen from Germany could be larger (184% the size of the biggest Rhamphorhynchus). Other large non-pterodactyloid pterosaurs were Sericipterus, Campylognathoides and Harpactognathus, with the wingspan of 1.73 m, 1.75 m, and 2.5 m, respectively.

Choristoderes (Choristodera)
The largest known choristoderan, Kosmodraco dakotensis (previously known as Simoedosaurus dakotensis ) is estimated to have had a total length of around 5 m.

Tanystropheids (Tanystropheidae)
Tanystropheus, the largest of all tanystropheids, reached up to 5 m in length.

Thalattosaurs (Thalattosauria)
The largest species of thalattosaur, Miodentosaurus brevis grew to more than 4 m in length. The second largest member of this group is Concavispina with a length of 3.64 m.

Ichthyosaurs (Ichthyosauria)
In April 2018, paleontologists announced the discovery of a previously unknown ichthyosaur that may have reached lengths of 26 m making it one of the largest animals known, rivaling some blue whales in size. These remains were later named Ichthyotitan and it has been estimated to reach up to 25 m, which makes it the largest ichthyosaur and the largest marine reptile ever. Another large ichthyosaur was the Late Triassic Shastasaurus sikanniensis at 21 m in length and 81.5 t in weight. Another, larger ichthyosaur was found in 1850 in Aust. Its remains seemed to surpass the measurements of the other ichthyosaur, but the researchers commented that the remains were too fragmentary for a size estimate to be made. Another huge ichthyosaur was Shonisaurus popularis at 15 m in length and 29.7 t in weight. The largest Middle Triassic ichthyosaur as well as the largest animal of that time was Cymbospondylus youngorum at 17.65 m in length and 44.7 t in weight.

Tangasaurids (Tangasauridae)
The largest tangasaurid was Hovasaurus with an estimated snout-vent length of 30 - 35 cm and a tail of 60 cm.

Pareiasaurs (Pareiasauria)
Largest pareiasaurs reached up to 3 m in length. Such sizes had Middle Permian Bradysaurus, Embrithosaurus, and Nochelesaurus from South Africa, and the Late Permian Scutosaurus from Russia. The most robust Scutosaurus had 1.16 t in body mass.

Captorhinids (Captorhinidae)
The heavy built Moradisaurus grandis, with a length of 2 m, is the largest known captorhinid. The second largest captorhinid was Labidosaurikos with the largest adult skull specimen 28 cm long.

Sauropodomorphs (Sauropodomorpha)
The largest of non-sauropod sauropodomorphs ("prosauropod") was Euskelosaurus. It reached 12.2 m in length and 2 MT in weight. Another huge sauropodomorph Yunnanosaurus youngi reached 13 m long.

Sauropods (Sauropoda)

 * A mega-sauropod, Maraapunisaurus fragillimus (previously known as Amphicoelias fragillimus), is a contender for the largest-known dinosaur in history. It has been estimated at 58 - 60 m in maximum length and 122400 kg in weight. Unfortunately, the fossil remains of this dinosaur have been lost. More recently, it was estimated at 35 – in length and 80 - 120 t in weight.
 * Known from the incomplete and now disintegrated remains, the Late Cretaceous Bruhathkayosaurus matleyi was an anomalously large sauropod. Informal estimations suggested as huge parameters as 45 m in length and 139 - 220 t in weight. Some estimation however, suggests 37 m and 95 t but it still much heavier than most other sauropods. More recent estimations by Gregory Paul in 2023 has placed its weight range around 110 t to a 170 t. If true, it would make Bruhathkayosaurus the single largest terrestrial animal to have walked the earth and would have rivalled the largest blue whale recorded.
 * BYU 9024, a massive cervical vertebra found in Utah, may belong to Barosaurus lentus or Supersaurus vivianae of a huge size, possibly 45 - 48 m in length and 60 - 66 t in body mass. Supersaurus vivianae itself may have been the longest dinosaur yet discovered as a study of 3 specimens suggested length of 39 m or over 40 m.
 * Mamenchisaurus sinocanadorum was likely the largest mamenchisaurid, reaching nearly 35 m in length and 60 - 80 t in weight. Xinjiangtitan shanshanesis from the same family had 15 m-long neck, about 55% of its total length that could be at least 27 m.
 * The Middle Jurassic Breviparopus taghbaloutensis was mentioned in The Guinness Book of Records as the longest dinosaur at 48 m although this animal is known only from fossil tracks. Originally thought to be a brachiosaurid, it was later identified as a huge diplodocoid, possibly 33.5 m in length and 62 t in weight.
 * The tallest sauropod was Sauroposeidon proteles with estimated height at 16.5 –. Asiatosaurus could reach 17.5 m in height but this animal is known only from teeth. Giraffatitan was estimated at 16 m in height.

Other huge sauropods include Argentinosaurus, Alamosaurus, and Puertasaurus with estimated lengths of 30 - 33 m and weights of 50 - 80 tonne. Patagotitan was estimated at 37 m in length and 57 tonne in average weight, and was similar in size to Argentinosaurus and Puertasaurus. Giant sauropods like Supersaurus, Sauroposeidon, and Diplodocus probably rivaled them in length but not in weight. Dreadnoughtus was estimated at 49 t in weight and 26 m in length but the most complete individual was immature when it died. Turiasaurus is considered of being the largest dinosaur from Europe, with an estimated length of 30 m and a weight of 50 t. However, with lower estimate at 21 m and 30 t it was smaller than Portuguese Lusotitan that reached 24 m in length and 34 t in weight.

Many large sauropods are still unnamed and may rival the current record holders:
 * The "Archbishop", a large brachiosaur that was discovered in 1930., a scientific paper on the specimen is still in progress.
 * Brachiosaurus nougaredi is yet another large brachiosaur from Early Cretaceous North Africa. The remains have been lost, but the sacrum drawing remains. It suggests a sacrum of almost 1.3 m long, making it the largest dinosaur sacrum discovered so far, except those of Argentinosaurus and Apatosaurus.
 * In 2010, the femur of a large sauropod was discovered in France. The femur suggests an animal that grew to immense sizes.

Non-avian theropods (Theropoda)



 * The largest theropod as well as the largest terrestrial (or possibly semi-aquatic) predator yet known is Spinosaurus aegyptiacus, with the largest specimen known estimated at 12.6 - 18 m in length and around 7 - 20.9 tonne in weight. New estimates published in 2014 and 2018, based on a more complete specimen supported that Spinosaurus could reach lengths of 15 to 16 m.   The latest estimates suggest a weight of 6.4 to 7.5 MT.  The White Rock spinosaurid had vertebrae comparable in dimensions to Spinosaurus, it was likely a huge theropod with a length over 10 m.
 * Other large theropods were Giganotosaurus carolinii, and Tyrannosaurus rex, whose largest specimens known estimated at 13.2 m and 12.3 m in length, and weigh between 4.2 to 13.8 MT  and 4.5 MT  to over 7.2 MT, respectively. Some other notable giant theropods (e.g. Carcharodontosaurus, Acrocanthosaurus, and Mapusaurus) may also have rivaled them in size.
 * Macroelongatoolithus, ranging from 34 - 61 cm in length, is the largest known type of dinosaur egg. It is assigned to oviraptorosaurs like Beibeilong.

Armoured dinosaurs (Thyreophora)
The largest-known thyreophoran was Ankylosaurus at 9 m in length and 6 tonne in weight. Stegosaurus was also 9 m long but around 5 tonne tonnes in weight.

Pachycephalosaurs (Pachycephalosauria)
The largest pachycephalosaur was the eponymous Pachycephalosaurus. Previously claimed to be at 7 m in length, it was later estimated about 4.5 m long and a weight of about 450 kg.

Ceratopsians (Ceratopsia)
The largest ceratopsian known is Triceratops horridus, along with the closely related Eotriceratops xerinsularis both with estimated lengths of 9 m. Pentaceratops and several other ceratopsians rival them in size. Titanoceratops had one of the longest skull of any land animal, at 2.65 m long.

Ornithopods (Ornithopoda)

 * The very largest known ornithopods, like Shantungosaurus were as heavy as medium-sized sauropods at up to 23 tonne, and 16.6 m in length. Magnapaulia reached 12.5 m in length, or, according to original description, even 15 m. The Mongolian Saurolophus, S. angustirostris, reached 13 m long and possibly more. Such animal could weighed up to 11 t. The largest Edmontosaurus reached 12 m in length and around 6 t in body mass. An estimated maximum length of Brachylophosaurus is 11 m resulting in weight of 7 t. PASAC-1, informally named "Sabinosaurus", is the largest well-known North American saurolophine, around 11 m long, that is about 20% larger than other known specimens. Hypsibema missouriensis was up to 10.7 m long. The Late Cretaceous Charonosaurus was estimated around 10 m in length and 5 t in weight.
 * The largest ornithopod outside of Hadrosauroidea was likely the Iguanodon. Biggest specimens reached 11 m in length and weighed around 4.5 t. Another large ornithopod is Iguanacolossus, with 9 m in length and 5 t in weight.
 * The largest rhabdodontid was Matheronodon, estimated at 4.8 m in length. Rhabdodon reached approximately 4 m and 250 kg according to 2016 estimates.

Birds (Aves)


The largest bird in the fossil record may be the extinct Giant elephant bird (Aepyornis maximus) of Madagascar, whose closest living relative is the kiwi. Giant elephant birds exceeded 2.3 m in height, and average a mass of 850 kg

The largest fowl was the Stirton's mihirung (Dromornis stirtoni) of Australia, part of a group called mihirungs of the family Dromornithidae, Stirton's mihirung exceeded 2.7 m in height, and average a mass of 500 kg

The largest carnivorous bird was the Thunderbird (Brontornis burmeisteri), an extinct flightless bird from South America which reached a weight of 319 kg and a height of approximately 2.8 m.

The tallest recorded bird was the Giant ostrich (Pachystruthio dmanisensis), part of the ostrich family. This particular species of ostrich stood at 3.5 m tall and average a mass of 450 kg

The largest Neoaves was the Brazilian terror bird (Paraphysornis brasiliensis) of South America, Brazilian terror bird exceeded 240 kg in mass,

Enantiornitheans (Enantiornithes)
One of the largest enantiornitheans was Enantiornis, with a length in life of around 78.5 cm, hip height of 34 cm, weight of 6.75 kg, and wingspan comparable to some of the modern gulls, around 1.2 m. Gurilynia was the largest Mesozoic bird from Mongolia, with a length of 53 cm, hip height of 23.2 cm, and weight of 2.1 kg.

Avisauridae
The Late Cretaceous Avisaurus was almost as large as Enantiornis. It had a wingspan around 1.2 m, a length of 72 cm, hip height of 31.5 cm, and weight of 5.1 kg. Even larger could be the Soroavisaurus. One tibiotarsus (PVL-4033) indicates an animal with a length of 80 cm, hip height of 35 cm, and weight of 7.25 kg. However, according to Walker and Dyke (2009) which considered PVL-4033 as Martinavis sp., its tibiotarsus length is 85.6 mm, much shorter than that of Lectavis (156 mm tibiotarsus) which the same book estimated a length of 41 cm, hip height of 30 cm, and weight of 1.15 kg''. Mirarce'' was comparable in size to a turkey, much larger than most of other enantiornitheans.

Pengornithidae
One of the biggest Early Cretaceous enantiornithine bird was Pengornis at 50 cm in length and skull length of 54.7 mm.

Gargantuaviidae
Gargantuavis is the largest known bird of the Mesozoic, a size ranging between the cassowary and the ostrich, and a mass of 140 kg like modern ostriches. In 2019 specimens MDE A-08 and IVPP-V12325 were measured at 1.8 m in length, 1.3 m in hip height, and 120 kg in weight.

Dromornithiformes
The largest dromornithid was Dromornis stirtoni over 3 m tall and 528 - 584 kg in mass for males.

Gastornid (Gastornithiformes)
Large individuals of Gastornis (also known as Diatryma) reaged up to 2 m in height. Weight of Gastornis ranges from 100 kg to 156 kg and sometimes to 180 kg for European specimens and from 160 kg to 229 kg for North American.

Waterfowl (Anseriformes)
Possibly flightless, the Miocene Garganornis ballmanni was larger than any extant members of Anseriformes, with 15.3 - 22.3 kg in body mass. Another huge anseriform was the flightless New Zealand goose (Cnemiornis). It reached 15 - 18 kg, approaching in size to small species of moa.

Swans (Cygnini)
The largest known swan was the Pleistocene giant swan (Cygnus falconeri), which reached a bill-to-tail length of about 190 - 210 cm, a weight of around 16 kg, and a wingspan of 3 m.  The New Zealand swan (Cygnus sumnerensis) weighed up to 10 kg, compared to the related extant black swan at only 6 kg. The large marine swan Annakacygna yoshiiensis from the Miocene of Japan far exceeded the extant mute swan in both size and weight.

Anatinae
Finsch's duck (Chenonetta finschi) reached 1 - 2 kg in weight, surpassing related modern Australian wood duck (800 g).

Pelicans, ibises and allies (Pelecaniformes)

 * The Early Pliocene Pelecanus schreiberi was larger than most extant pelicans. Pelecanus odessanus from the Late Miocene was probably the same size as P. schreiberi, its tarsometatarsus is 150 mm long.
 * The largest herons Bennu heron (Ardea bennuides) Based on remains discovered, it was approximately 2 m tall and had a wingspan up to 2.7 m, thus surpassing the size of the largest living species in the heron family, the goliath heron.
 * The ever largest ibis Jamaican ibis (Xenicibis xympithecus) as a large ibis, weighing about 2 kg (70 oz).

Storks and allies (Ciconiiformes)
The largest known of Ciconiiformes was Leptoptilos robustus, standing 1.8 m tall and weighing an estimated 16 kg. Ciconia maltha is a relatively large species of Ciconia, with a height of over 5 ft and a wingspan up to 10 ft across.

Cranes (Gruiformes)
A large true crane (Gruinae) from the late Miocene (Tortonian) of Germany was equal in size to the biggest extant cranes and resembled the long-beaked Siberian crane (Leucogeranus leucogeranus).

Shorebirds (Charadriiformes)
Miomancalla howardi was the largest known charadriiform of all time, weighing approximately 0.6 kg (1.3 lb) more than the second-largest member, the great auk (Pinguinus impennis).

Hesperornithines (Hesperornithes)
The largest known of the hesperornithines was Canadaga arctica at 2.2 m long.

New World vultures (Cathartiformes)
One of the heaviest flying birds of all time was Argentavis, a Miocene teratornithid. The immense bird had a wingspan estimated up to 5.09 - 6.5 m and a weight up to 70 to 72 kg. Argentavis humerus was only slightly shorter than an entire human arm. Another huge teratorn was Aiolornis, with a wingspan of around 5 m. The Pleistocene Teratornis merriami reached 13.7 kg and 2.94 – in wingspan, with lower size estimates still exceeding the largest specimens of California condor (Gymnogyps californianus).

Seriemas and allies (Cariamiformes)
The largest known-ever Cariamiforme and largest phorusrhacid or "terror bird" (highly predatory, flightless birds of America) was Brontornis, which was about 175 cm tall at the shoulder, could raise its head 2.8 m above the ground and could have weighed as much as 400 kg. The immense phorusrhacid Kelenken stood 3 m tall with a skull 716 mm long (460 mm of which was beak), had the largest head of any known bird. South American Phorusrhacos stood 2.4-2.7 m (7.9-8.8 ft) tall, and weighed nearly 130 kg, as much as a male ostrich. The largest North American phorusrhacid was Titanis, which reached a height of approximately 2.5 m (8.2 ft), slightly taller than an African forest elephant.

Accipitriforms (Accipitriformes)
The largest known bird of prey ever was the enormous Haast's eagle (Hieraaetus moorei), with a wingspan of 2.6 to 3 m, relatively short for their size. Total length was probably up to 1.4 m in female and they weighed about 10 to 15 kg. Another giant extinct hawk was Titanohierax about 7.3 kg that lived in the Antilles and The Bahamas, where it was among the top predators. An unnamed late Quaternary eagle from Hispaniola could be 15–30% larger than the modern golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos). Some extinct species of Buteogallus surpassed their extant relatives in size. Buteogallus borrasi was about 33% larger than the modern great black hawk (B. urubitinga). B. daggetti, also known as "walking eagle", was around 40% larger than the savanna hawk (B. meridionalis). Eyles's harrier (Circus eylesi) from the Pleistocene-Holocene of New Zealand was more than twice heavier than the extant C. approximans.

Moa (Dinornithiformes)
The tallest known bird was the South Island giant moa (Dinornis robustus), part of the moa family of New Zealand that went extinct about 500 years ago. It stood up to 3.7 m tall, and weighed approximately half as much as a large elephant bird due to its comparatively slender frame.

Tinamous (Tinamiformes)
MPLK-03, a tinamou specimen that existed during the Late Pleistocene in Argentina, possibly belongs to the modern genus Eudromia and surpacces extant E. elegans and E. formosa in size by 2.2–8% and 6–14%, respectively.

Elephant birds (Aepyornithiformes)
The largest bird in the fossil record may be the extinct elephant birds (Vorombe, Aepyornis) of Madagascar, which were related to the ostrich. They exceeded 3 m in height and 500 kg in weight.

Ostriches (Struthioniformes)
With 450 kg in body mass, Pachystruthio dmanisensis from the lower Pleistocene of Crimea was the largest bird ever recorded in Europe. Despite its giant size, it was a good runner. A possible specimen of Pachystruthio from the lower Pleistocene of Hebei Province (China) was about 300 kg in weight, twice heavier than the common ostrich (Struthio camelus). Remains of the massive Asian ostrich (Struthio asiaticus) from the Pliocene indicate a size 20% bigger than adult male of the extant Struthio camelus.

Pigeons and doves (Columbiformes)
The largest pigeon relative known was the dodo (Raphus cucullatus), possibly exceeding 1 m in height and weighing as much as 28 kg, although recent estimates have indicated that an average wild dodo weighed much less at approximately 10.2 kg.

Pheasants, turkeys, gamebirds and allies (Galliformes)
The largest known of the Galliformes was likely the giant malleefowl, which could reach 7 kg in weight.

Songbirds (Passeriformes)
The largest known songbird is the extinct giant grosbeak (Chloridops regiskongi) at 11 in long.

Cormorants and allies (Suliformes)



 * The largest known cormorant was the spectacled cormorant of the North Pacific (Phalacrocorax perspicillatus), which became extinct around 1850 and averaged around 6.4 kg and 1.15 m.
 * The largest known darter was Giganhinga with estimated weight about 17.7 kg, earlier study even claims 25.7 kg.
 * The largest known plotopterid, penguin-like flightless bird was Copepteryx titan that is known from 22 cm long femur, almost twice as long as that of emperor penguin.

Grebes (Podicipediformes)
The largest known grebe, the Atitlán grebe (Podylimbus gigas), reached a length of about 46 –.

Bony-toothed birds (Odontopterygiformes)
The largest known of the Odontopterygiformes— a group which has been variously allied with Procellariiformes, Pelecaniformes and Anseriformes and the largest flying birds of all time other than Argentavis were the huge Pelagornis, Cyphornis, Dasornis, Gigantornis and Osteodontornis. They had a wingspan of 5.5 – and stood about 1.2 m tall. Exact size estimates and judging which one was largest are not yet possible for these birds, as their bones were extremely thin-walled, light and fragile, and thus most are only known from very incomplete remains.

Woodpeckers and allies (Piciformes)
The largest known woodpecker is the possibly extinct imperial woodpecker (Campephilus imperialis) with a total length of about 56 –.

Parrots (Psittaciformes)
The largest known parrot is the extinct Heracles inexpectatus with a length of about 1 meter (3.3 feet).

Penguins (Sphenisciformes)
One of the heaviest penguins ever known is Kumimanu fordycei, with a body mass estimate of 148 to 159.7 kg, dervied from humerus measurments. Another example is Palaeeudyptes klekowskii of Antarctica, with a bill-to-tail length estimated at 2.02 m and an estimated body weight of 84.2 kg, slightly smaller than previous estimates. The Eocene Anthropornis nordenskjoeldi is comparable in size, and was once estimated to reach lengths of 2.05 m and a weight of 108 kg. However, recent estimation from humerus measurements put A. nordenskjoeldi more in the range of 67 kg in weight. Other large penguins include the New Zealand giant penguin (Pachydyptes pondeorsus) weighing around 65.4 to 94.6 kg, and Icadyptes salasi at 52.8 to 73.0 kg.

Owls (Strigiformes)
The largest known owl of all time was the Cuban Ornimegalonyx at 43.3 in tall probably exceeding 9 kg.

Amphibians (Amphibia)
The largest known amphibian of all time was the 30 ft long temnospondyl Prionosuchus.

Frogs and toads (Anura)
The largest known frog ever was an as yet unnamed Eocene species that was about 58 - 59.1 cm. The Late Cretaceous Beelzebufo grew to at least 23.2 cm (snout-vent length), which is around the size of a modern African bullfrog.

Salamanders, newts and allies (Urodela)

 * Andrias matthewi was the largest lissamphibian ever known, with total length up to 2.3 m.
 * Habrosaurus was the largest sirenid. It reached 1.6 m long.

Diadectomorphs (Diadectomorpha)
The largest known diacectid, herbivorous Diadectes, was a heavily built animal, up to 3 m long, with thick vertebrae and ribs.

Anthracosauria
The largest known anthracosaur was Anthracosaurus, with skull about 40 cm in length.

Embolomeri
The longest member of this group was Eogyrinus attheyi, species sometimes placed under genus Pholiderpeton. Its skull had length about 41 cm.

Temnospondyls (Temnospondyli)
The largest known temnospondyl amphibian is Prionosuchus, which grew to lengths of 9 m. Another huge temnospondyl was Mastodonsaurus giganteus at 6 m long. Unnamed species of temnospondyl from Lesotho is partial, but possible body length estimation is 7 m.

Fishes (Pisces)
Fishes are a paraphyletic group of non-tetrapod vertebrates.

Conodonts (Conodonta)
Iowagnathus grandis is estimated to have length over 50 cm.

Heterostracans (Heterostraci)
Some members of Psammosteidae such as Obruchevia and Tartuosteus are estimated to reached up to 2 m.

Thelodonts (Thelodonti)
Although known from partial materials, Thelodus parvidens (=T. macintoshi) is estimated to reached up to 1 m.

Cephalaspidomorphs (Cephalaspidomorphi)
A species of Parameteoraspis reached up to 1 m.

Spiny sharks (Acanthodii)
The largest of the now-extinct Acanthodii was Xylacanthus grandis, an ischnacanthiform based on a ~35 cm long jaw bone. Based on the proportions of its relative Ischnacanthus, X. grandis had an estimated total length of 2.5 m.

Placoderms (Placodermi)
The largest known placoderm was the giant predatory Dunkleosteus. The largest and most well known species was D. terrelli, various estimate put its length around 4.1-10 m in length and 1-4 MT in weight. Another large placoderm, Titanichthys, may have rivaled it in size. Titanichthys is estimated to have a length around 4.1–7.5 m

Mackerel sharks (Lamniformes)

 * Species in the extinct genus Otodus were huge. A giant shark, Otodus megalodon  is by far the biggest mackerel shark ever known. Most estimates of megalodon's size extrapolate from teeth, with maximum length estimates up to 10.6 - 20 m  and average length estimates of 10.5 m.  Due to fragmentary remains, there have been many contradictory size estimates for megalodon, as they can only be drawn from fossil teeth and vertebrae.  Mature male megalodon may have had a body mass of 12.6 to 33.9 MT, and mature females may have been 27.4 to 59.4 MT, assuming that males could range in length from 10.5 to 14.3 m and females 13.3 to 17 m. Related to megalodon, Otodus angustidens and O. chubutensis reached the large sizes too. Each was estimated at 9.3 m and 12.2 m, respectively.
 * Other giant mackerel sharks were Pseudoscapanorhynchidae from the Cretaceous period. Cretodus had a size range of 9 - 11 m (for C. crassidens), Leptostyrax reached lengths of 6.3 - 8.3 m.
 * The Cenozoic Parotodus reached up to 7.6 m in length.
 * The heaviest thresher shark was likely Alopias grandis. It was similar in size or even larger than the extant great white shark and probably did not have an elongated dorsal tail, characteristic of modern relatives.

Ground sharks (Carcharhiniformes)
The Cenozoic Hemipristis serra was considerably larger than its modern-day relatives and had much larger teeth. Its total length is estimated to be at 6 m long.

Hybodonts (Hybodontiformes)
One of the largest hybodontiforms was the Jurassic Asteracanthus with body length of up to 3 m. Crassodus reifi is known from less materials, however it is estimated that reached over 3 m.

Ctenacanthiformes
The largest member of ctenacanthiformes is Saivodus striatus with estimated length around 6-9 m.

Skates and allies (Rajiformes)
The giant sclerorhynchid Onchopristis reached about 4.25 m in length.

Eugeneodont (Eugeneodontida)
The largest known eugeneodont is an as-yet unnamed species of Helicoprion discovered in Idaho. The specimens suggest an animal that possibly exceeded 12 m in length. Another fairly large eugeneodont is Parahelicoprion. Being more slimmer than Helicoprion, it reached nearly the same size, possibly up to 12 m in length. Both had the largest sizes among the animals of Paleozoic era.

Coelacanths (Actinistia)
The largest coelacanth is Cretaceous Mawsonia gigas with estimated total length up to 5.3 m. Jurassic Trachymetopon may have reached size close to that, about 5 m. An undetermined mawsoniid from the Maastrichtian deposits of Morocco probably reached 3.65 - 5.52 m in length.

Lungfish (Dipnoi)
Cretaceous Ceratodus sp. from Western Interior is estimated to had a length around 4 m.

Stem-tetrapods (Tetrapodomorpha)

 * Not only the largest known rhizodont, but also the largest lobe-finned fish was the 5.63 - 7 m long Rhizodus. Another large rhizodonts were Strepsodus with estimated length around 3 - 5 m and Barameda estimated at 3 - 4 m in length.
 * Tristichopterid Hyneria reached length up to 3.5 m.

Acipenseriformes

 * Gyrosteus, which belongs to extinct acipenseriform family Chondrosteidae, is estimated to have standard length about 6 - 7 m.
 * The largest known fossil sturgeon is "Acipenser" gigantissimus known from fragmentary remains, which is estimated to reach up to 5.8 m.
 * The largest known fossil paddlefish is unnamed remain from Judith River Formation, it may exceeded 2 m, known remains exceeded size of recently extinct Chinese paddlefish, which scientifically reported to exceed 3 m.

Pachycormiformes
The largest known ray-finned fish and largest bony fish of all time was the pachycormid, Leedsichthys problematicus, at around 16.5 m long. Earlier estimates have had claims of larger individuals with lengths over 27 m.

Ichthyodectiformes
The largest known of ichthyodectiform fish was Xiphactinus, which measured up to 6.1 m long. Ichthyodectes reached 3 m long, twice lesser than Xiphactinus.

Pycnodontiformes
The largest known pycnodontiform was Gyrodus circularis, with length up to 2 m.

Bichirs (Polypteriformes)
The Late Cretaceous Bawitius was likely the largest bichir of all time. It reached up to 3 m in length.

Opahes, ribbonfishes, oarfishes and allies (Lampriformes)
Megalampris was likely the largest fossil opah. This fish was around 4 m in length when alive, which is twice the length of the largest living opah species, Lampris guttatus.

Salmon and trout (Salmoniformes)
The largest salmon was Oncorhynchus rastrosus, varying in size from 1.9 m and 177 kg to 2.4 m and 200 kg.

Pufferfishes, boxfishes, triggerfishes, ocean sunfishes and allies (Tetraodontiformes)

 * Austromola angerhoferi had total body length about 3.2 m, and total height 4 m, comparable with largest ocean sunfish.
 * Some extinct species of Balistes like B. vegai and B. crassidens are estimated to have total length up to 1.8 m.

Lizardfishes (Aulopiformes)
The largest lizardfish was Stratodus which could reach length of 5 m.

Sea lilies (Crinoidea)
Longest stem of Seirocrinus subangularis reached over 26 m.

Starfish (Asteroidea)
Helianthaster from Hunsrück Slate had radius about 25 cm.

Graptolites (Graptolithina)
The longest known graptoloid graptolite is Stimulograptus halli at 1.45 m. It found in Silurian deposits of the United Kingdom.

Kinorhynchs (Kinorhyncha)
Cambrian kinorhynchs from Qingjiang biota, also known as "mud dragons", reached 4 cm in length, much larger than extant relatives that grow only a few millimeters in length.

Gilled lobopodians
Based on the findings of mouthparts, the Cambrian gilled lobopodian Omnidens amplus is estimated to have been 1.5 m. It is also known as the largest Cambrian animal known to exist.

Radiodont (Radiodonta)
The largest known radiodont is Aegirocassis benmoulai, estimated to have been at least 2 m long.

Sea spiders (Pycnogonida)
The largest fossil sea spider is Palaeoisopus problematicus with legspan about 32 cm.

Horseshoe crabs and allies (Xiphosura)

 * Willwerathia reached 9 cm in carapace width and was the largest species of basal ("synziphosurine") xiphosurans. However, the Devonian Maldybulakia reached nearly 11.5 cm and was assigned to xiphosurans in 2013.
 * Horseshoe crab trackway icnofossil Kouphichnium lithographicum from Cerin in Ain indicates length of animal 77.4–85.1 cm.

Chasmataspidids (Chasmataspidida)
The largest chasmataspidids were the Ordovician Hoplitaspis at 29 cm in length and similar in size range Chasmataspis.

Eurypterids (Eurypterida)

 * The largest known eurypterid was Jaekelopterus rhenaniae at 2.5 m in length, which is also the largest arthropod known to exist. Erettopterus grandis possibly reached this same length but this is based on an incomplete telson only. A close contender was Acutiramus bohemicus at 2.1 m in length. The largest megalograptid as well as the largest Ordovician eurypterid was Pentecopterus. It reached up to 1.7 m in length. All these were eurypterine eurypterids.
 * The largest stylonurine eurypterid was Hibbertopterus, with 1.8 m in length.

Arachnids (Arachnida)

 * There are three contenders for largest-known arachnid as well as the largest scorpions of all time: Pulmonoscorpius kirktonensis, Brontoscorpio anglicus and Praearcturus gigas. Each was estimated to have been 70 cm, 90 cm and up to 100 cm, respectively.
 * Mongolarachne jurassica is the largest described fossil spider, with the total body length of female is approximately 24.6 mm while the front legs reach about 56.5 mm in length. Dinodiplura ambulacra had larger body length, combined length of carapace and opisthosoma reaches 26.15 mm.
 * The largest of prehistoric whipscorpions and possibly the largest-known whipscorpion ever discovered was Mesoproctus rayoli. Type species had body length reaching 66.9 mm with a carapace of 25.7 mm in length, while another specimen have a carapace of 32.5 mm in length and 16 mm in width, comparable or even larger than the extant Mastigoproctus have.
 * The largest Ricinulei to ever exist was Curculioides bohemondi with a body length of 21.77 mm.
 * The largest fossil acariform mite and also the largest erythraeoid mite ever recorded was Immensmaris chewbaccei with idiosoma of more than 8 mm in length.
 * The largest known trigonotarbid was Kreischeria with a minimal length of 51 mm. The second largest was Pleophrynus at 36 mm in length.

Artiopods (Artiopoda)
Retifacies probably reached up to 55 cm. Tegopelte is another one example of large non-trilobite artiopod, reached 280 mm long and was the largest of the Burgess Shale bilaterians, surpassing all other benthic organisms by at least twice.

Trilobites (Trilobita)
Some of trilobites exceeded 60 cm in length. A nearly complete specimen of Isotelus rex from Manitoba attained a length over 70 cm, and an Ogyginus forteyi from Portugal was almost as long. Fragments of trilobites suggest even larger record sizes. An isolated pygidium of Hungioides bohemicus implies that the full animal was 90 cm long.

Myriapods (Myriapoda)
The largest known myriapod by far was Arthropleura. Measuring 2.5 m long and 50 cm wide. Some specimens could have been even larger, up to 2.63 m in length and 50 kg in weight.

Cycloids (Cyclida)
The largest cyclid was Opolanka decorosa, the Late Triassic Halicyne-like cycloid which reached over 6 cm across the carapace.

Remipedes (Remipedia)
Tesnusocaris had body length at least 9.5 cm, larger than every living remipedes which could reach up to 4.5 cm.

Sawflies, wasps, bees, ants and allies (Hymenoptera)

 * The largest known of this group was the giant ant Titanomyrma giganteum with queens growing to 6 cm. It had a wingspan of 15 cm.
 * Apis lithohermaea is one of the largest honey bees ever found, comparable in size to the modern Apis dorsata.
 * The giant horntail Ypresiosirex orthosemos reached 67.9 mm in length including the incomplete ovipositor. Another example of giant sawfly is Hoplitolyda duolunica, with wingspan over 92 mm.

Fleas (Siphonaptera)
The largest known in Siphonaptera was probably Pseudopulex magnus, growing to 22.8 mm in length.

Earwigs (Dermaptera)
Extinct as recently as after 1967 and also submitted as the Holocene subfossils, the Saint Helena giant earwig (Labidura herculeana, with synonym Labidura loveridgei) reached 84 mm in length including forceps 34 mm long.

Chresmodidae
Chresmodidae had long specialized legs like of the modern Gerridae family. One of the Chresmodidae, Chresmoda obscura, could have reached a size of about 19 cm.

Beetles (Coleoptera)
One of the largest known fossil beetles in the superfamily Scarabaeoidea is Protognathinus spielbergi. It had total length including mandibles about 5.5 cm. The largest fossil scarabaeid was Oryctoantiquus borealis with an estimated body length of 5 cm.

Titanopterans (Titanoptera)
Related to modern orthopterans, titanopterans from the Triassic period were much larger. The wingspan of Gigatitan vulgaris was up to 40 cm. Clatrotitan andersoni also reached a huge size, having a forewing of 13.8 cm long.

Antlions and related net-winged insects (Neuroptera)
Makarkinia adamsi from the Crato Formation is estimated to have the longest forewings of any neuropteran species, estimated at 160 mm.

Cockroaches, termites, mantises and allies (Dictyoptera)

 * Some Carboniferous cockroach-like insects grouping in Blattoptera like Archoblattina beecheri and Necymylacris (Xenoblatta) scudderi could reach around 9 centimetres in total length, which is comparable to a modern Megaloblatta longipennis.
 * Cretaceous cockroach Ptiloteuthis foliatus had 7.9 cm long wing.
 * Found in the Miocene of Austria, the giant termite Gyatermes styriensis reached 25 mm in body length and had a wingspan of 76 mm.

Dragonflies, damselflies and griffinflies (Odonatoptera)



 * The largest known odonatopteran insect was Meganeuropsis permiana with single wing of 33 cm. Meganeura had a 32 cm long wing.
 * Triadotypid odonatan Reisia gelasii (=Triadotypus guillaumei) from Triassic had 136 mm long wing, and wingspan can be 280 mm.

Mayflies (Ephemeroptera)

 * The largest known mayfly is Permian Ponalex maximus, with 55 mm long hindwing. Cretaceous Epicharmeropsis quadrivenulosus had 37 mm long forewing.
 * Although Bojophlebia prokopi from the Upper Carboniferous of Moravia (Czech Republic) with a wingspan of 45 cm is described as the largest mayfly, later study shows that this insect is not related to mayflies.

Palaeodictyoptera
The largest known palaeodictyopteran was Mazothairos, with an estimated wingspan of up to 22 in. If subcircular wing known from Piesberg Quarry belongs to palaeodictyopteran, it possibly had single wing length at least 30 cm.

Archaeognatha (jumping bristletails) and other wingless primitive insects

 * The largest known machilid is Triassic Gigamachilis, with 40 mm body length not counting the length of the filament, and estimated total length about 80 mm.
 * The largest specimens of the extinct suborder Monura reached 30 mm or more, not counting the length of the filament.
 * Although Ramsdelepidion was once considered as 60 mm-long silverfish, it was later considered that classification is uncertain and just treated as stem group insect.
 * Wingless early insect Carbotriplura had body length about 103 mm without tail filaments.

Chaetognatha
The Cambrian Timorebestia koprii lived 518 million years ago and was a relative of the extant arrow worms living in today's oceans. Growing to lengths of 30 cm, including the antennae, they were much larger and massive than modern forms. Before the evolution of nektonic panarthropods, jawed vertebrates and cephalopods, this group of large predatory gnathiferans dominated the top of the food chain.

Ringed worms (Annelida)
Websteroprion is the largest known fossil eunicidan annelid, with estimated length ranges 0.42 - 8.3 m, however comparison with closely related extant taxa indicates length around 1 - 2 m. It also had the biggest scolecodonts of any prehistoric polychaete, up to 13.2 mm in length and possibly larger.

Snails and slugs (Gastropoda)



 * The largest known gastropods were in the genus Campanile, with the extinct Campanile giganteum having shell lengths up to 90 cm or even more than 120 cm.
 * The largest known cowrie is Vicetia bizzottoi, with shell length of 33.5 cm.
 * Pebasiconcha immanis is the largest land snail ever known, shell height is 25.6 cm with a partial specimen that may exceed 30 cm in height.

Bivalves (Bivalvia)

 * The largest known bivalve ever as well as the largest inoceramid was Platyceramus platinus, a giant that usually had an axial length of 1 m, but some individuals could reach an axial length of up to 3 m. Another large prehistoric bivalve was Inoceramus. In 1952, 187 cm-long specimen of Inoceramus steenstrupi was found in the Late Cretaceous deposits of Greenland.
 * Some Permian alatoconchid genus like Shikamaia had shell length about 1 m. Previous estimation reconstructed length of Shikamaia around 1.6 m.
 * The longest ostreid is Konbostrea, with shell height reaching up to 1.2 m.
 * Rudist Titanosarcolites had overall size around 2 m.

Tusk shells (Scaphopoda)

 * Complete shell length of tusk shell Prodentalium onoi is estimated to be over 30 cm.

Nautiloids (Nautiloidea)
The largest and longest known of nautiloids was Endoceras giganteum with a shell length of 5.73 m. There is a record of individual whose shell length had reached 9.14 m, but it is doubtful.

Ammonites (Ammonoidea)
The largest known ammonite was Parapuzosia seppenradensis. A partial fossil specimen found in Germany had a shell diameter of 1.95 m, but the living chamber was incomplete, so the estimated shell diameter was probably about 3.5 m and weighed about 705 kg when it was alive. However, later study estimates shell diameter up to around 2 m.

Belemnites (Belemnoidea)
The largest known belemnite was Megateuthis gigantea, reaching about 50 and 700 mm in maximum diameter and length of rostrum, respectively.

Squids, octopuses, cuttlefishes and allies (Neocoleoidea)

 * Octopod Enchoteuthis melanae (considered as specimen of Tusoteuthis longa) had mantle length up to 2 m, comparable to the modern-day giant squid. Previously, this taxon is considered as animal like giant squid, with total length including arms over 10 m. However, considering other fossil relatives, total length including arms is estimated to be around 3 m.
 * Both non-octopod Yezoteuthis and teuthid Haboroteuthis are estimated to be similar in size to the modern-day giant squid.

Brachiopods (Brachiopoda)
The largest brachiopod ever evolved was Striatifera striata from Akkermanovka Quarry, Russia, with height up to 0.5 m. Another huge brachiopod was the Carboniferous Gigantoproductus giganteus, with shell width from 30 cm to over 35 cm. Titanaria costellata had large and long shell 35 - 36 cm in width, nearly as large as Gigantoproductus.

Hyoliths (Hyolitha)
The largest hyolith is Macrotheca almgreeni, with length about 50 cm.

Jellyfishes and allies (Medusozoa)
The largest fossil jellyfish is Cambrian Cordubia gigantea, with diameter of 88 cm. Specimens from the Cambrian of Wisconsin reached 70 cm in length.

Petalonamids (Petalonamae)
Longest specimens of Trepassia wardae (also known as Charnia wardi) reached 185 cm in length. Charnia masoni is known from specimens as small as only 1 cm, up to the largest specimens of 66 cm in length.

Proarticulata
Dickinsonia tenuis reached 1.4 m in length, that makes it one of the largest precambrian organisms.

Sponges (Porifera)
The largest known Permian sponge Gigantospongia had diameter up to 2.5 m.