Limnonectes

Limnonectes is a genus of fork-tongued frogs of about 75 known species, but new ones are still being described occasionally. They are collectively known as fanged frogs because they tend to have unusually large teeth, which are small or absent in other frogs.

Habitat
These frogs are found throughout East and Southeast Asia, most commonly near forest streams. Multiple species of Limnonectes may occupy the same area in harmony. Large-bodied species cluster around fast rivers, while smaller ones live among leaf-litter or on stream banks. The Indonesian island of Sulawesi is home to at least 15 species of this frog, only four of which have been formally described.

Lifecycle
Tadpoles of this genus have adapted to a variety of conditions. Most species (e.g. Blyth's river frog L. blythii or the fanged river frog L. macrodon) develop normally, with free-swimming tadpoles that eat food. The tadpoles of the corrugated frog (L. laticeps) are free-swimming but endotrophic, meaning they do not eat but live on stored yolk until metamorphosis into frogs. Before, L. limborgi was assumed to have direct development (eggs hatching as tiny, full-formed frogs), but more careful observations have showed it has free-swimming but endotrophic larvae; this probably applies to the closely related L. hascheanus, too. L. larvaepartus is the only known species of frog that gives live birth to tadpoles. Parental care is performed by males.

Species

 * Limnonectes acanthi (Taylor, 1923) – Busuanga wart frog
 * Limnonectes arathooni (Smith, 1927) – Djikoro wart frog; (Endangered)
 * Limnonectes asperatus
 * Limnonectes bannaensis Ye, Fei, Xie & Jiang, 2007
 * Limnonectes beloncioi Herr, Vallejos, Meneses, Abraham, Otterholt, Siler, Rico & Brown, 2021 – Mindoro fanged frog
 * Limnonectes blythii – Blyth's river frog, giant Asian river frog
 * Limnonectes cintalubang (Matsui, Nishikawa & Eto, 2014)
 * Limnonectes coffeatus Phimmachak, Sivongxay, Seateun, Yodthong, Rujirawan, Neang, Aowphol, and Stuart, 2018
 * Limnonectes conspicillatus (Günther, 1872)
 * Limnonectes dabanus
 * Limnonectes dammermani – Dammerman's wart frog
 * Limnonectes deinodon Dehling, 2014
 * Limnonectes diuatus – eastern Mindanao frog, Tagibo wart frog
 * Limnonectes doriae – Burmese wart frog, Doria's frog, or red stream frog
 * Limnonectes fastigatus Stuart, Schoen, Nelson, Maher, Neang, Rowley & McLeod, 2020
 * Limnonectes ferneri
 * Limnonectes finchi – Finch's wart frog
 * Limnonectes fragilis
 * Limnonectes fujianensis
 * Limnonectes grunniens
 * Limnonectes gyldenstolpei
 * Limnonectes hascheanus (sometimes separated in Taylorana)
 * Limnonectes heinrichi
 * Limnonectes hikidai Matsui & Nishikawa, 2014
 * Limnonectes ibanorum
 * Limnonectes ingeri
 * Limnonectes isanensis McLeod, Kelly, and Barley, 2012
 * Limnonectes jarujini Matsui et al., 2010
 * Limnonectes kadarsani
 * Limnonectes kenepaiensis
 * Limnonectes khammonensis
 * Limnonectes khasianus
 * Limnonectes kiziriani Pham, Le, Ngo, Ziegler, and Nguyen, 2018
 * Limnonectes kohchangae
 * Limnonectes kong Dehling and Dehling, 2017
 * Limnonectes kuhlii – Kuhl's Creek frog, large-headed frog
 * Limnonectes larvaepartus
 * Limnonectes lauhachindai ( Aowphol, Rujirawan, Taksintum, Chuaynkern & Stuart. 2015 )
 * Limnonectes leporinus – giant river frog
 * Limnonectes leytensis – small disked frog, swamp frog
 * Limnonectes limborgi
 * Limnonectes liui (Yang, 1983)
 * Limnonectes longchuanensis (Suwannapoom, Yuan, Sullivan & McLeod, 2016)
 * Limnonectes macrocephalus – Luzon fanged frog
 * Limnonectes macrodon (Duméril & Bibron, 1841) – fanged river frog, Javan giant frog, Malaya wart frog, stone creek frog
 * Limnonectes macrognathus
 * Limnonectes magnus (Stejneger, 1910) – giant Philippine frog, large swamp frog, Mindanao fanged frog
 * Limnonectes malesianus – Malesian frog, peat swamp frog
 * Limnonectes mawlyndipi
 * Limnonectes megastomias McLeod, 2008
 * Limnonectes micrixalus
 * Limnonectes microdiscus
 * Limnonectes microtympanum
 * Limnonectes mocquardi (Mocquard, 1890)
 * Limnonectes modestus
 * Limnonectes namiyei – Namiye's frog
 * Limnonectes nguyenorum
 * Limnonectes nitidus
 * Limnonectes palavanensis
 * Limnonectes paramacrodon
 * Limnonectes parvus – Philippine small-disked frog
 * Limnonectes plicatellus
 * Limnonectes poilani
 * Limnonectes quangninhensis Pham, Le, Nguyen, Ziegler, Wu, and Nguyen, 2017
 * Limnonectes rhacoda
 * Limnonectes savan Phimmachak, Richards, Sivongxay, Seateun, Chuaynkern, Makchai, Som & Stuart, 2019
 * Limnonectes selatan Matsui, Belabut, and Ahmad, 2014
 * Limnonectes shompenorum
 * Limnonectes sinuatodorsalis Matsui, 2015
 * Limnonectes sisikdagu McLeod, Horner, Husted, Barley, and Iskandar, 2011
 * Limnonectes taylori Matsui et al., 2010
 * Limnonectes timorensis (Smith, 1927)
 * Limnonectes tweediei
 * Limnonectes utara Matsui, Belabut, and Ahmad, 2014
 * Limnonectes visayanus – giant Visayan frog
 * Limnonectes woodworthi – Woodworth's frog

Pyron & Wiens (2011)
The following phylogeny of Limnonectes is from Pyron & Wiens (2011). 35 species are included. Limnonectes is a sister group of Nanorana.

Aowphol, et al. (2015)
The following Limnonectes phylogeny is from Aowphol, et al. (2015). 20 species are included.

McLeod, et al. (2015)
Below is a phylogeny of species within the L. kuhlii species complex (McLeod, et al. 2015). Limnonectes longchuanensis, Limnonectes hikidai, and Limnonectes cintalubang are also part of the L. kuhlii species complex.