Line of Duty

Line of Duty is a British police procedural and serial drama created by Jed Mercurio and produced by World Productions for the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). It first began broadcasting on BBC Two on 26 June 2012. The programme performed well and was quickly commissioned for additional series that aired in 2014 and 2016. After becoming the highest-rated series on BBC Two in 10 years, Line of Duty was promoted to BBC One beginning with the fourth series in 2017 and fifth in 2019, securing commissions through a sixth series, which concluded on 2 May 2021, after the programme had aired a total of 36 episodes.

The series stars Martin Compston, Vicky McClure, and Adrian Dunbar, among others. It revolves around Anti-Corruption Unit 12 (AC-12), a team inside a fictional police force tasked with "policing the police". Mercurio originally pitched the series to BBC One in 2011 but was turned down and directed towards BBC Two. It ultimately transferred to BBC One after the two networks were restructured. Mercurio wrote the entirety of the series, directing some episodes, as well as performing as producer and executive producer. Filming of the first series took place in Birmingham, England before moving to Belfast, Northern Ireland for the remainder of the programme. Simon Heath, Stephen Wright, and Tommy Bulfin are additional executive producers of the show which was also produced with Northern Ireland Screen and BBC Northern Ireland.

Line of Duty has secured an international cult following despite complications with international distribution rights. The series has been praised by many critics, although it received some criticism for its conclusion of a long story arc. It set viewership records and became the highest-rated drama in the UK since 2002. The programme has been the subject of several accolades including multiple nominations for British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) awards. Following the sixth series, the future of the programme has remained uncertain.

Synopsis
Line of Duty follows DS Steve Arnott, an authorised firearms officer who is transferred to Anti-Corruption Unit 12 (AC-12) after refusing to agree to cover up an unlawful shooting by his own team. At AC-12 Arnott is partnered with DC Kate Fleming, a highly commended undercover officer with a keen investigative instinct. They work under the supervision of Superintendent Ted Hastings, uncovering corruption within the fictional Central Police. Throughout the series, AC-12 investigate seemingly disparate cases involving seemingly corrupt police officers such as DCI Tony Gates (series one), DI Lindsay Denton (series two), Sergeant Danny Waldron (series three), DCI Roseanne Huntley (series four), undercover officer DS John Corbett (series five), and DCI Joanne Davidson (series six), among others.

AC-12 realises the pervasive nature of corruption and the police's deep-rooted links to an organised crime group. A long-running story arc revolves around discovering the identity of "H", a corrupt person or persons of senior rank within the police force who are instrumental in running organised crime.

Development
Series creator and producer Jed Mercurio stated that he wanted to create something different to other programmes, and viewed the series as a "revisionist commentary on 21st-century policing". The series is produced by World Productions. Mercurio originally pitched it to BBC One, which turned him down, believing it too "problematic for mainstream audiences", and directed him toward BBC Two, which commissioned the series nine months later. Mercurio also served as the programmes showrunner. A second series was commissioned by the BBC on 25 July 2012. Mercurio became an executive producer from the second series onwards, alongside Simon Heath for World Productions and Stephen Wright for BBC Northern Ireland. Tommy Bulfin replaced Wright for the fifth and sixth series. A third and fourth series were commissioned in April 2014, followed by a fifth in May 2016. At the time of the fifth series renewal, it was announced that future editions of the programme, including the fourth, would move from BBC Two to BBC One. This decision came after the series's high viewing figures and a restructuring of the networks. Five days after broadcast transmission concluded on the fourth, Line of Duty was commissioned for a sixth series. In 2020 a special mini-episode was produced in support of Sport Relief. The special was promoted as a "deleted scene" from the fifth series and starred Compston, McClure, and Dunbar along with Jason Isaacs and Lee Mack.

Writing
A long running story arc is the unknown identity of "H", a suspected corrupt police officer believed to be the highest connection to the organised crime group. Despite not introducing this storyline until the end of the third series, Mercurio stated that he had crafted it from the beginning, and purposefully gave multiple characters names beginning with "H" so he could re-craft portions of the story if needed. He added that this also allowed him to intentionally mislead viewers. Mercurio wrote many characters to be morally grey so that they would feel more relatable. He attributed this to his belief that the world is "more complicated" than good versus evil. Mercurio also frequently kills off key characters to keep the audience engaged. Some of the storylines have been loosely based on true stories. The opening scene of the programme featured the shooting death of a man mistaken to be a suicide bomber, this was credited to the 2005 police shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes in which a man was incorrectly believed to be part of bombings in London. Additionally the story surrounding the Sands View Boys' Home in the third series included references to the Jimmy Savile sexual abuse scandal. The BBC was initially uncomfortable at mention of Savile and wished to exclude it, but were persuaded by Mercurio to keep it. The series six murder of Gail Vella was based on the 2017 assassination of journalist Daphne Caruana Galizia. This series also featured an 18-month time jump from the conclusion of the fifth. Many of the colloquialisms that Hastings uses were inspired by Mercurio's Italian father and Dunbar's Irish dad. Mercurio opted not to incorporate COVID-19 into the programme as four episodes of the sixth series had already been filmed when lockdown, face mask, and social distancing guidelines were introduced and it would have been too expensive to re-film.

Casting
Leading the main cast across the six series are Martin Compston and Vicky McClure, who portrayed Steve Arnott and Kate Fleming respectively, two officers in AC-12. Adrian Dunbar also appeared in the first series in a supporting role as Ted Hastings, and was promoted to the main cast beginning with the second series. Each series features an additional actor as part of the main cast who portrays a police officer who is being investigated by AC-12. These roles were performed by Lennie James in series one, Keely Hawes in series two, Daniel Mays in the third series, Thandie Newton in series four, Stephen Graham in series five, and Kelly Macdonald in the sixth and final series. Craig Parkinson also held a supporting role in the first series and joined the main cast for the second and third. Parkinson originally auditioned for the role of Arnott but ultimately portrayed Matthew Cottan. Mercurio also decided to bring Hawes back for the third series as a result of her character's positive reception, and made changes to the script. Mercurio killed off both Parkinson's and Hawes's characters at the conclusion of the third series. Despite this, Parkinson filmed new footage for flashback scenes in the fourth and fifth series. Jessica Raine and Jason Watkins each appeared briefly in the second and fourth series, respectively, and were both credited within the main cast. Anna Maxwell Martin was also featured as part of the starring cast in the fifth and sixth series, but only appeared in the latter portion of each series. Line of Duty features a large supporting cast of recurring characters and guest stars.

Production design
Peter Anderson designed Line of Duty's opening title sequence. From series two onwards Maggie Donnelly worked as the costume designer. She gave Hawes lower-end outfits to reflect "reflect how far [Denton] had sunk in her grief", but also included power suits to show where "she would have been in her career if fate hadn't dealt her that hand". Other outfits included pieces from high-end designers, such as A.P.C., Marks & Spencer, and Tommy Hilfiger for McClure, Theory for Newton, and ME+EM for both Macdonald and McClure. Compston regularly wears three-piece suits and his character became notable for the waistcoats. Compston attributed this idea to a friend's experience working in a call centre.

In series six, the Hillside Lane police station was built inside a former school. Gillian Devenney was the series's production designer. She designed Davidson's apartment with "minimalist décor and cool tones" to illustrate it as a lonely place, while Buckells's office was expected to show his "shallowness and lack of commitment to his career". The older design of the police headquarters contrasted with the modern appearance of AC-12's offices. The interrogation room was described as a glass box due to its large windows instead of walls. This room originally existed on location but had to be replicated on a sound stage during the COVID-19 pandemic, and was built with no roof to allow for ventilation.

Filming
Principal photography for the first series began in August 2011. Five hour-long episodes were directed by David Caffrey and Douglas Mackinnon. It was filmed over 11 weeks in Birmingham and utilised two cameras. The setting was later changed to the Midlands on the advice of the BBC. For the second series, filming moved to Belfast and began in mid-2013. The six episodes were split into two filming blocks with Mackinnon returning to direct the first block of episodes and Daniel Nettheim directing the second. The headquarters of Invest Northern Ireland doubled as Anti-Corruption Unit 12's office building while the exterior of Belfast Central Library served as the police headquarters' facade.

Filming for the third series began in March 2015. Michael Kellior directed the first three episodes while John Strickland directed the final three. Locations included BT Riverside Tower, McHugh's Bar and Belfast City Hall. Fourth series filming took place from 29 August to 16 December 2016. Mercurio directed the first two episodes of the fourth series and Strickland returned to direct the final four. Up to 20 hours of footage can be taken to create just 20 minutes of episodic content for the series. Series five was directed by Strickland and Sue Tully, with filming occurring between 3 September and 21 December 2018.

For the final series, Nettheim returned to direct alongside newcomers Gareth Bryn and Jennie Darnell. Filming began in February 2020, but was halted in March due to the coronavirus. It later resumed production in August and concluded on 23 November. Once filming recommenced, changes to scripts were made to allow for social distancing because physical intimacy between performers had to be limited.

Music
Carly Paradis was Line of Duty's composer for incidental music. She credited "Heaven" by Emeli Sandé and the theme song from The X-Files as inspirations for the theme music, stating that she "wanted to touch a little bit on the 1980s, the 1990s and the 2000s, so that it sounds contemporary but still harks back to cop series from the past". The opening and closing themes are designed around a four-note motif. Paradis also said she thought of the words "Line of Duty" when composing the theme. A soundtrack album titled Line of Duty (Music from the Original Series) containing tracks from the first two series was released on 1 April 2014.

Future
Since 2021 there has been interest in producing a seventh series. Mercurio stated that he concluded many of the loose threads during the sixth series, as a seventh had not been commissioned. He also said the BBC was "very supportive" of the series and that "conversations have been very reassuring from the standpoint of not having to wrap things up". Dunbar said in 2022 that he didn't expect a full seventh series but anticipated the possibility of a three to four part mini-series or two 90-minute episodes. Compston, McClure, and Dunbar all expressed interest in returning, if asked. Compston explained that there would only be a seventh series if Mercurio had a story to tell. Later reports suggested a three-episode series was set to air in 2023. In April 2024 Compston confirmed that there were no immediate plans for a seventh series.

Broadcast
The series was first broadcast on BBC Two beginning on 26 June 2012. Additional series followed in 2014 and 2016. It began airing on BBC One in 2017, with another series in 2019. The final series aired in 2021, concluding on 2 May 2021. The first series was also simulcast on BBC HD while some series two episodes were simulcast on BBC Two HD. In 2020, series one and two were re-broadcast on BBC One due to COVID-19 filming shutdowns delaying production of the sixth series. In the United Kingdom the series streams on BBC iPlayer.

Content Media initially handled international distribution of Line of Duty. In the United States the first four series were initially released on Hulu. They were also added to Acorn TV by 2018. Kew Media Group acquired Content Media in 2017 effectively taking over distribution duties. Acorn TV held exclusive distribution rights for the fifth series within the United States while continuing to share non-exclusive streaming rights to the first four. The first three series were broadcast on the American basic cable television network AMC in 2020. Following Kew Media Group's collapse in 2020, Quiver Entertainment purchased international distribution rights for the first five series and ITV Studios acquired them for the sixth. Streaming rights for the sixth and any future series were exclusively issued to BritBox in the United States and Canada. In Canada and Australia the series is available on Netflix and was briefly removed following uncertainty about the streaming rights after the Kew Media Group collapse.

Home media
Acorn Media distributed home media releases for Line of Duty in the United Kingdom and United States. The fifth series DVD set was mistakenly released a day early in some Sainsbury's stores, prior to series five finale television broadcast. Series six was released on Blu-ray in the United Kingdom on 31 May 2021. A Blu-ray box set of the complete programme was released on 12 July 2021.

Viewing figures
The programme opened to strong viewing figures with the first series averaging 4.1 million viewers overnight. The second series dipped slightly to a 3.4 million average before rising to an 5.1 million for its third. The third series also maintained a 19.3% share. By the time the third series had concluded airing, Line of Duty was the highest-rated series to air on BBC Two since 2002. The fifth series was considered to be the "biggest show of 2019" drawing in 7.8 million in its premiere, up 2.8 million from series four. Series six averaged 9.9 million viewers in overnight data and maintained a 46.1% share. The finale peaked at 13.1 million with a 15.8% share in its final 15 minutes. This made the programme the highest rated drama since records began in 2002.

Critical response
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the show holds an average rating of 96%. Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, gives it a score of 86 based on 14 reviews. The first three series are often considered by critics to have been significantly better than the last three. It is considered to have a large cult following. A commonly cited strength of the programme is that along with its regular cast, each series revolves around a different guest lead. The programme has also been praised for its interrogation scenes. The segments, which have taken up as much as 46 minutes of an episode, are often credited with being the most intense moments of the series. The ending of a long-running story arc regarding the true identity of "H" was met with mixed reviews.

Awards and nominations
Over the course of the series, Line of Duty has won multiple awards and been nominated for several others. Most notably, the programme picked up nominations for several BAFTA awards such as "Best Drama Series" at the 2015 and 2018 award ceremonies. Additionally, cast members McClure, Dunbar, Hawes, Newton, Macdonald, Mays, and Bonnar have all been nominated for acting-related accolades. Multiple references,
 * For Hawes, McClure, and 2015 Best Drama, see:
 * For Mays, see:
 * for Newton, Dunbar, and 2018 Best Drama, see:
 * For Bonnar, see:
 * For Macdonald, see: Three scenes on the programme, "Urgent Exit Required", "Huntley's Narrow Escape", and "John Corbett's Death" received consideration for "Virgin TV's Must-See Moment."   Composer Carly Paradis and director Andrew John McClelland have both been nominated for BAFTA Craft awards for their work on the show. Actors Graham and Compston have won Broadcasting Press Guild and TV Choice Awards.  Each individual series of the programme has been nominated for "Best Drama Series" at Royal Television Society-related awards programmes, four of which were won across three series. Mercurio has also received a number of nominations for his writing on the programme securing wins at the Broadcasting Press Guild Awards and the American Edgar Allan Poe Awards.