Linux for mobile devices

Linux for mobile devices, sometimes referred to as mobile Linux, is the usage of Linux-based operating systems on portable devices, whose primary or only Human interface device (HID) is a touchscreen. It mainly comprises smartphones and tablet computers, but also some mobile phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs) portable media players that come with a touchscreen separately.

Mobile Linux is a relatively recent addition to the Linux range of use, with Google's Android operating system pioneering the concept. While UBPorts tried to follow suit with Ubuntu Touch, a wider development of free Linux operating systems specifically for mobile devices was only really spurred in the latter 2010s, when various smaller companies started projects to develop open source phones.

Operating systems
This is a list of Linux distros directly targeted towards use with mobile phones, being offered preconfigured with the mobile-oriented software listed below. There are both phone producers who develop their own operating systems and independent developments by community projects. Outside of these, several traditional distros have versions compiled for ARM architecture, which could be configured to use these components. This is done, for example, with Manjaro by the PinePhone.

Active

 * Android
 * /e/
 * Android-x86
 * Android Go
 * EMUI (Non GMS compliant)
 * Fire OS
 * iodéOS
 * Lineage OS
 * One UI
 * Replicant
 * VollaOS
 * Wear OS
 * GrapheneOS
 * Other custom Android distributions
 * AsteroidOS (for wearables)
 * ChromeOS (for 2-in-1 PC and Chrome Tablet)
 * EMUI/HarmonyOS (EMUI 12 onwards)
 * Fedora Mobility
 * KaiOS
 * Kindle firmware
 * LuneOS (based on HP webOS)
 * Maemo Leste (fork of discontinued Maemo based on Devuan)
 * Manjaro ARM
 * Mobian (based on Debian)
 * Mobile NixOS (based on NixOS)
 * postmarketOS (based on Alpine Linux)
 * PureOS
 * Sailfish OS (based on Nemo Mobile)
 * SHR
 * SteamOS (Powering Steam Deck)
 * Tizen
 * Ubuntu Touch (discontinued by Canonical, adopted by UBports Community)
 * webOS
 * Kali NetHunter Pro (Based on Android and Kali linux)

Discontinued

 * Bada
 * Firefox OS
 * MeeGo
 * Moblin
 * Openmoko Linux
 * OpenZaurus

Smartphones
Phones with Linux preinstalled:
 * Librem 5
 * Necuno
 * PinePhone
 * Volla Phone
 * XFone

Middlewares

 * BusyBox – small footprint alternative to GNU Core Utilities, under GNU GPLv2
 * Fcitx
 * Halium
 * Intelligent Input Bus
 * Maliit
 * mer
 * Smart Common Input Method
 * Toybox – BSD licensed alternative to BusyBox
 * Uim

UI

 * GPE Palmtop Environment
 * Phosh
 * Plasma Mobile
 * Lomiri (previously known as Unity8)
 * MauiShell (and MauiKit)
 * SXMO