List of lesbian periodicals

A list of notable lesbian magazines, periodicals, newsletters, and journals.

South Africa

 * Closet Magazine – c. 1998–?
 * Legacy – Lesbian Arts Magazine – Johannesburg, 1990
 * The Quarterly
 * Sunday's Women – 1990s?
 * Umzabalazo – official newsletter of the Coalition of African Lesbians, a continent-wide organization of lesbians in Africa – Johannesburg, 2007–present
 * Womyn – 2000–2003

China

 * Les+ – Beijing, longest running lesbian magazine in China, 2005–2012

Indonesia

 * Goya Lestari – published by group Chandra Kirana, 1993–?

Israel

 * Klaf Hazak – lesbian feminist quarterly from KLaF/CLAF (Kehila Lesbit Feministit/Community of Lesbian Feminists), c.1990–?

Japan
1970 to 1980
 * Feminist Forum: Feminism in Japan and the World (Tokyo, Japan, 1979–1985)
 * Hikariguruma – 1978
 * Subarashii Onnatachi – Tokyo, lesbian feminist magazine of Wakakusa no Kai – 1976
 *  Za Daiku (ザ・ダイク) – 1978

1980 to 1990
 * Eve & Eve (イブ＆イブ) –
 * Regumi Tsūshin (れ組通信) – Tokyo (also known as RST, Regumi Studio Tokyo), 1985–present

1990 to present
 * Aniisu (アニース) – (1996–1997, 2001–2003)
 * Furiine (Phryné; フリーネ) 1995 (two issues total)
 * Kaamira (Carmilla; カーミラ) – (2002–2005)
 * Labrys (ラブリス) – continued by LOUD News, 1992–1995?
 * LOUD News – published by "Lesbians of Undeniable Drive", 1995–2011?
 * Misuto (ミスト／美粋) – Josei ladies comics magazine, 1996–1999

Unknown date
 * Lesbian News & Views (English language journal from Japan)

Korea

 * Kkiri-kkiri – Seoul, newsletter of Kkiri-kkiri, now the Lesbian Counseling Center

Lebanon

 * Bekhsoos – magazine of Meem

Palestine

 * Aswat Newsletter – Haifa, published by Aswat Gay Palestinian Women

Philippines

 * My Femme (2009–?)

Taiwan

 * Ai Fu Hao Zi Zai Bao (abbrev. "Ai-Bao") – Taiwan, 1993–?
 * Isle Margin – Taiwan
 * Lez's Meeting
 * Nu pengyou – Taiwan, published by group Wo Men Zhi Jian, 1994–1998?
 * Wo Men Zhi Jian Newsletter – Taiwan, 1991–1994

Thailand

 * Anjareesan/Asian Lesbian Network Newsletter – Bangkok, published by Anjaree, 1991–?

Austria
1970 to 1980
 * Lesben-Frauen-Nachrichten – Vienna, 1979–?

1990 to present
 * Female Sequences – frauen lesben kulturHEFTig, Vienna, 1999–?
 * Frauenlesben rapidité – Vienna, c. 1997
 * Lebenszeichen – Vienna, 2001–?
 * LILA Schriften – Vienna, 1995–2001
 * Osterreichischer Lesbenrundbrief – Vienna, newsletter of HOSI-Lesben

Belgium

 * les Cahiers du G R I F – Brussels, newsletter of Groupe de Recherche et d'Information Feministes (GRIF), c. 1975–78

Croatia

 * Just a Girl – Zagreb

Czech Republic

 * Alia – magazine of Klub Lambda
 * Promluv – magazine of Promluv group

Finland

 * ILIS Newsletter – Helsinki, International Lesbian Information Service, 1981–1983
 * Pärrä – Helsinki, publication of Akanat Lesbian Group, 1982
 * Torajyvä – Helsinki, publication of Akanat Lesbian Group, 1983–1988

France
1970 to 1980
 * Quand les Femmes s'aiment – 1978–1980

1980 to 1990
 * Bulletin des Archives Lesbiennes (Archives et recherches lesbiennes) – Paris, 1990
 * Espaces : bulletin de liaison et d'informations entre lesbiennes radicales – Paris, 1982
 * Lesbia: Revue lesbienne d'expression, d'information, d'opinion – Paris, 1982–present
 * Vlasta: fictions/utopies amazoniennes, Paris, by the Collectif Mémoires/Utopies, 1983–1985

1990 to present
 * LesBienNées – Nancy
 *  – Lille, 2003–2013

Unknown date
 * Espace Lesbien – Toulouse and the Midi-Pyrénées region, newsletter of Bagdam Espace Lesbien
 * Les Lesbianaires: revue de presse
 * Lesbrouffe: Voies d'Elles – Grenoble, newsletter of the Association des Lesbiennes de Grenoble
 * Penthésilée – Association des Femmes Homosexuelles Européennes (AFHE)

Germany
1920 to 1970
 * Die BIF – Blätter Idealer Frauenfreundschaften, world's first all-female lesbian magazine (1926?–1927)
 * Die Freundin, closely affiliated with the League for Human Rights, 1924–1933
 * Frauen, Liebe und Leben (1938)
 * Frauenliebe (1926–1930)
 * Garçonne (1930–1932)
 * Ledige Frauen (1928–1929)
 *  (1951–1952)

1970 to 1980
 * Frauen Zeitung – Frauenzentrum – Hamburg, feminist and lesbian newsletter 1976–?
 * – Berlin, published by the Lesbenpressenkollektiv de LAZ, 1975–1982
 * Protokolle – Münster, Verlag Frauenpolitik, 1976–1979
 * UKZ: Unsere kleine Zeitung – Berlin/Mannheim, 1974–2001

1980 to 1990
 * Infoblatt des Lesbenring – Köln, c. 1984–1996?
 * LESBENINFO NETZ – Ulm, 1989–?
 * Die Lesbischschwule Presseschau – Berlin, 1982–?
 * Tarantel – Bielefeld, Tarantel Kollektiv, 1980–?

1990 to present
 * Blattgold – West Berlin, c. 1990s
 * EMMA – Germany
 * Frau Anders – Weimar, 1990–?
 * – Bochum, radical feminist lesbian magazine, 1990–2004
 * Krampfader – Kassel, 1986–?
 * L-Mag
 * Lesben in NRW – Düsseldorf, c. 2005
 * Lesbenstich – Dortmund
 * Lescriba: Das lesbische Literaturmagazin – Sinzing, 2004–?
 * – 1995–2006
 * nur sie: Lesben/Frauen-Kulturmagazin für Nürnberg/Fürth/Erlangen – Nürnberg, 1999–?

Unknown year
 * Bulletin des Archives Lesbiennes

Greece

 * Labrys – Athens, 1980–?
 * Lettres Eoliennes: Revue Bimensuelle d'Art Lesbien – Athens, c. 1980s

Hungary

 * Dyke Magazin – 2007
 * qLit
 * Labrisz Lesbian Newsletter – published by the Labrisz Lesbian Association, c. 1990s

Ireland

 * Gaelick – online lesbian periodical
 * LINC: Lesbians in Cork – Cork, c. 2001

Italy

 * Bollettino cel C.L.I. – Rome, paper of Centro Feminista Separatista, c. 1981–1991
 * Towanda: appunti, spunti e spuntini lesbici – Milan, 1994

Lithuania

 * SAPPHO – Vilnius, quarterly magazine of lesbian organization Sappho

Netherlands
1970 to 1980 1980 to 1990
 * Amarant – 1972–present
 * Paarse September. Alternatieve Vrouwenkrant – 1972–1974
 * Diva – 1982–1986, switched to Zij aan Zij in the mid-1990s
 * ILIS newsletter – Amsterdam, International Lesbian Information Service, 1980–81, 1987–1998
 * Lesbisch Archivaria – Lesbisch Archief Leeuwarden, 1982–?
 * Lust en gratie: lesbisch cultureel tijdschrift – Amsterdam, c. 1983–1987
 * Nieuwsbrief – Amsterdam, Lesbisch Archief Amsterdam, 1983–1994

1990 to 2000 1990 to present
 * Wild Side Magazine – Amsterdam, Leiden
 * Girls Like Us – Amsterdam, 2005–present
 * Zij aan Zij – Rijswijk, 1998–present

Poland

 * Sigma – Silesia, published one issue only, 1992
 * Violet Pulse – Gdańsk

Portugal
1980 to 1990
 * Artemísia – Porto, feminist magazine supportive of lesbians, 1985

1990 to present
 * Lesbiana – published by Grupo de mulheres da associação ILGA-Portugal, 1999
 * LILÁS – Lisbon, 1993
 * Organa – Lisbon, first lesbian magazine in Portugal, 1991–1993?
 * Zona Livre – 1997

Romania

 * ENOLA – published by Accept, 2006–?

Russia

 * Pinx – 2006–present

Serbia

 * labris: Lezbejske novine – Belgrade, 1994–?
 * Novosadska Lezbejska Organizacija Newsletter – Novi Sad

Slovenia

 * Lesbo – Ljubljana, Magazine of ŠKUC-LL Group, c. 1988

Spain

 * Caladona: Un espai de dones per a dones – Barcelona, Caladona, lesbian magazine in Catalan language, 1993–present
 * Laberint: revista de mujeros para mujeros – Barcelona, c. 1992–1994
 * Mujeres y Punto – Madrid, newsletter of CRECUL, Comité Reivindicativo Cultural de Lesbianas de Madrid
 * Sales: Revista Lesbica – Barcelona, Revista Sales
 * Towanda! Revista Lesbica – Zaragoza, 2002–?
 * MagLes Magazine – Barcelona, 2012–present

Sweden

 * Lesbisk Feministiska – Stockholm, c. 1984–1988
 * Lila perspektiv – Stockholm, c. 1981–1984

Switzerland
1930-1950 1970 to 1980
 * Freundschaftsbanner - Zurich, 1932-1942 (from 1937 as Menschenrecht, changed in 1942 to male-only Der Kreis)
 * Lesbenfront – Zurich, 1974–1985

1980–1990
 * Frau Ohne Herz – Zurich, 1985–1995
 * ELLA: Das Lesbenforum – Basel, 1985–1993?
 * ILIS Bulletin – Geneva, International Lesbian Information Service, Clit International, 1984–86

1990–2000
 * die – Lesbenzeitschrift aus der Schweiz, Zurich, 1996–2004
 * Ellas ketchup – Basel, 1993–?

2000–present
 * Skipper – Zürich, 2004–2005

Unknown year
 * CLIT 007 – lesbian feminist magazine

Turkey

 * "Öte-ki-ben (From Woman to Woman) – Ankara, Turkey / Frankfurt am Main, Germany, 2001–?

Ukraine

 * Лесби Портал – lesbian feminist publication, 2018–present

United Kingdom
Prior to 1970
 * Arena Three – London, Minorities Research Group, 1963–1972
 * Kenric Newsletter – c. 1960s–present
 * Minorities Research Group Newsletter

1970 to 1980
 * Lesbians Come Together – London, c. 1972
 * Medusa: Journal of the Bradford Lesbian Feminist Surrealist Group – c. 1978–?
 * Move – Bristol, c 1970s–?
 * Sappho – London, newsletter of the Southwark Lesbian Network; for lesbians only, 1971–?
 * Sequel: A Feminist Magazine for Isolated Lesbians – London, c. 1979
 * Zero: Anarcha-feminist Newsmagazine – London, 1978–?

1980 to 1990
 * Bristol Radical Lesbian Feminist Magazine 1986–1990
 * Camden Lesbian Centre Newsletter/ Camden Black Lesbian Group Newsletter – London, available in both print and cassette, 1987–1991
 * Gemma – London; lesbians with and without disabilities, all ages; available in print or on cassette, c.1980
 * Gossip: A Journal of Lesbian Feminist Ethics – London, for lesbians only; Onlywomen Press, c. 1986–?
 * Lesbian Information Service Newsletter – Leicester, available in both print and cassette, 1987–1989
 * Lesbian International – Leicester, for lesbians only, available in print and cassette, 1989–1990
 * Lesbian Archive and Information Centre Newsletter – London, Lesbian Archive and Information Centre (LAIC), c. 1985–?
 * Quim Magazine: For Dykes of All Sexual Persuasions – London, 1989–1995, plus one issue in 2001
 * Spinster: Feminist Creative Work with an Emphasis on the Work of Lesbians – London, 1982–?

After 1990
 * The Axe – Bradford lesbian newsletter, 1996–1997
 * B.I.D (Behaviour, Identity, Desire) – online monthly magazine (99p subscription), November 2011
 * crAve – bi-monthly magazine, 2008–present
 * Diva – London, 1994–present
 * Dykenosis : the newsletter of LesBeWell - Birmingham, 1994–1998
 * G3 Magazine – London, free monthly national publication
 * Lesbian London – London, also released on cassette tape, 1992–1993
 * Lesbian Talk Issues – Scarlet Press, 1992–1996
 * Shebang – London, 1992–?
 * Velvet

Year unknown
 * Artemis: For Women who Love Women – London, magazine of the Artemis Club
 * Lesbian Zone – Manchester
 * Lesbians in Education – London
 * Lesbians in Libraries – England
 * Older Lesbians Network Newsletter – London

Wales / Cymru

 * Cardiff Women's Liberation Newsletter – Cardiff, "for wimmin only", c. 1970s–1980s
 * Older Lesbian Network Newsletter
 * Women Come Together: Swansea Women's Liberation Newsletter – Swansea, c. 1970s
 * WomenZone: Connecting lesbians across Wales – Swansea, c. 1990s

New Zealand
1970 to 1980
 * Circle, later Lesbian Feminist Circle – Wellington, "for lesbians only", collectively produced 1973–1985
 * Spiral – literary and arts journal for women, founded in 1976 by Heather McPherson; the press also published Keri Hulme's Booker Prize-winning novel The Bone People in 1984
 * Wellington Lesbian Network – Wellington, newsletter; for lesbians only, c. 1979–1999

1980 to 1990
 * Bitches, Witches, & Dykes – Auckland, 1980–1981
 * Glad Rag – Wellington – for lesbians only, c. 1983
 * Lesbians in Print (LIP) – Auckland, for women only, 1985–1991
 * Sapphic star – Auckland, c. 1989–1991
 * Tamaki Makaurau lesbian newsletter – Auckland, New Zealand, c. 1990–present 

After 1990
 * The Laughing Medusa – lesbian literary magazine, edited by Kedy Kristal and Takoel Akuni, c. 1991–1993

Australia
1970 to 1980
 * A. L. M. Newsletter – Melbourne, newsletter of the Australian Lesbian Movement, c. 1971
 * Blatant Lesbianism – Sydney, c. 1978–?
 * Patchwork newsletter – Brisbane, c. 1978?

1980 to 1990
 * Australian Lesbian Diary – Melbourne, c. 1987
 * Sage: the separatist age – Australia, lesbian separatist periodical; title was formerly Seps Down Under; "A cauldron of lesbian separatist thought dreams and visions", c. 1990–1992
 * S.E.P.S. Down Under (Newsletter of Separatists Eroding Patriarch Sincerely) – Waucope, c. 1989
 * Wicked Women (subtitled Dyke Decadence) – Australia – 1988–1996, 28 issues

1990 to 2000
 * Australian Asian Lesbian News – Sydney, c. 1991
 * Banshee – Melbourne, c. 1992
 * Dis-Ease – Sydney, c. 1993
 * Elam – Newcastle, newsletter of the Hunter Lesbian Group, c. 1998
 * Geelong Lesbian Group – Geelong, c. 1999–?
 * Hell Bent (Wicked Women Publications) Redfern, Sydney, c. 1991
 * Interlesbian – Melbourne, multi-cultural lesbian news, c. 1994
 * Journal of Australian Lesbian Feminist Studies – Haymarket, New South Wales, 1991–1995
 * Labrys – Melbourne, 1990–1992
 * Lesbian Network – Rozelle, Lesbian Network Collective, c. 1990s
 * Lesbians on the Loose – now LOTL – Darlinghurst, 1990–present
 * Lesbiana – Fitzroy, c. 1992
 * Lilac – Launceston, Tasmania, 1993–1996
 * olderdykes.org – Sydney, online magazine for lesbians over 40
 * Out Loud – Eltham, women's cultural magazine focussing on lesbian and feminist content, c. 1992–?
 * ShOut Newsletter – Melbourne, c. 1994
 * Suncoast Lesbian Information Press – Queensland, c. 1995–?
 * Women Out West – Perth, 1999–present, WOW

2000 to present
 * Butch is Not a Dirty Word – Melbourne, 2017–present
 * Cherrie – national
 * SASS Magazine Melbourne
 * Slit magazine, 2002-
 * velvet Tipt – Melbourne, magazine for lesbians in Victoria and Tasmania, 2005–2006

Year unknown
 * The Bloody Rag – Lismore
 * Grapevine – Western Australia
 * Lesbian News – National Magazine
 * Lesbian Territory – Northern Territory
 * Lesbian Times – North Adelaide
 * Outloud – Melbourne

Argentina

 * Cuaderno de existensia Lesbiana – (CEL) Argentina c. 1987
 * Fulanas – Argentina, 2000

Brazil

 * Chana com Chana – Sao Paulo, published by the Grupo de Acao Lesbica-Feminista, c.1979–1987
 * Femme
 * Rede Outro Olhar

Chile

 * Amazonas – Chile
 * Baruyera – Chile, Colectiva Lésbica Mafalda
 * Hilando Destinos – Chile, published by the Colectiva Lésbica feminista Moiras
 * Lazos – Chile
 * Montedevenus: Mujeres que aman Mujeres – online magazine
 * Rompiendo el Silencio

Peru

 * otro lado de la luna

Canada
1970 to 1980
 * Dyke – Montreal, Quebec, 1977
 * Grapevine: Newsletter of the Lesbian Mother's Defence Fund – Toronto, Ontario, c. 1979–1883
 * Lesbian Canada Lesbienne – Halifax, Nova Scotia, published by the Atlantic Provinces Political Lesbians for Equality (APPLE), 1977/1978
 * Lesbian Feminists of Montreal Newsletter – Montreal, Quebec, published by the Lesbian Feminists of Montreal, 1977
 * Lesbian Organization of Toronto (L.O.O.T.) Newsletter – Toronto, Ontario, 1977–1980
 * Lesbian Perspective – Toronto, Ontario, published by the Lesbian Organization of Toronto (LOOT), 1979–1980
 * Lesbians/lesbiennes – Toronto, Ontario, 1979–1981
 * Lesbomonde – Montreal, Quebec 1973–1974
 * London Lesbian Collective News – London, Ontario, published by the LCC, 1977–1978
 * Long Time Coming – Montreal, Quebec, published by Montreal Gay Women (originally women's committee of Gay McGill University), 1973–1976
 * The Other Woman – Toronto, Ontario, feminist and lesbian news magazine, 1972–?
 * Pedestal: Lesbian-Feminist Newspaper – Vancouver, B.C., 1975, women's liberation paper, reorganized briefly in 1975 as a lesbian feminist paper
 * Sisters Lightship – Halifax, Nova Scotia, 1978
 * Three of Cups – Toronto, Ontario, 1976–1978
 * Wages Due Lesbians – Toronto, Ontario, c. 1977–78
 * Waves: a Lesbian Feminist Newsletter – Victoria, BC, 1978–1979

1980 to 1990
 * Amazones d'Hier, Lesbiennes d'Aujourd'hui – Montreal, Quebec, for lesbians only, 1982-2013
 * Association of Women's Music and Culture – Toronto, published by Womynly Way Productions, c. 1989
 * Ça s'attrape!! – Montreal, Quebec, 1982-1984
 * Communique'Elles – 1980s
 * Diversity, the Lesbian Rag – Vancouver, B.C., published by the Diversity Collective 1988–1991
 * Flagrant – Vancouver, B.C., 1981–1984
 * Furie Lesbienne / Lesbian Fury – Ottawa, Ontario, for lesbians only, c. 1985–1995
 * KINESIS: news about women that's not in the dailies – Vancouver, British Columbia, published by the Vancouver Status of Women, a non-sectarian feminist voice covering some lesbian issues, c. 1980s/1990s
 * Lavender Sheets – Toronto, Ontario, published by the Lesbian Organization of Toronto (LOOT), c. 1980
 * Lavender Times – Calgary, Alberta, project of the Calgary Womyn's Collective, 1987–?
 * Lesbian Newsletter – Regina, SK, c. 1985
 * LesbiaNews/LNews – Victoria, BC,1989–98
 * Les Sourcières – Montréal QC, 1980-1982
 * L'Évidente Lesbienne - Montréal, QC, 1984-1990
 * The Open Door: Rural Lesbian Newsletter – Burns Lake/Terrace, British Columbia/Nelson, B.C., 1983–1986
 * The Radical Reviewer – Vancouver, B.C., Lesbian Literary Collective magazine, 1980–1983
 * Treize! Revue Lesbienne – Montreal, Quebec, 1984–2005
 * Web of Crones – Vancouver, BC, 1986
 * Womonspace News: Our Voice in the Lesbian Community – Edmonton, Alberta, 1983–?
 * Zami Newsletter – Toronto, Ontario, c. 1987–88

1990 to 2000
 * Au-dela de l'invisibilite: le bulletin de la Collective Lesbienne – Ottawa, Ontario, published by the Collective Lesbienne, c. 1998
 * Chicklist: Proudly Peddling Chick Power, Pleasure and Polemic – Toronto, published by the Pink Triangle Press, c. 1997
 * Gazelle: le magazine des lesbiennes – Montreal, Quebec, 1992–?
 * Limbo: Lesbian Bi-Monthly Magazine – London, Ontario, published by Limbo, 1999
 * SamiYoni: a ioumal for lesbians of South Asian Descent – Toronto, 1993–1994
 * Sensible Shoes News: The Newsletter of Saskatchewan's Lesbian Communities – Regina, mid-1990s
 * Siren – Toronto, Ontario, "Irresistibly tempting, for lesbians", 1995–2004
 * Voices for Lesbian Survival: By and For Lesbians – Kenora, Ontario, published by the Voices Collective, c. 1995

After 2000
 * Femmes entre elles – Montreal, Quebec, 2002-2012.
 * No More Potlucks – Montreal, Quebec, ?–present (bilingual French/English online magazine)
 * QueeriesMag.com – Toronto, Ontario, 2010–present (online lifestyle magazine)
 * Sapho Magazine : Le magazine des lesbiennes de la Capitale, 2005-2012- Québec, Québec
 * Lez Spread the Word (LSTW) - Montréal, Quebec, 2016–present

Mexico

 * Amantes de la Luna – CIDHOM – Mexico City, 1994–?
 * Amazona – Mexico, published by Colectivo de Lesbianas del F H A R (Frente Homosexual de Accion Revolucionaria), c.1979 (Coordinadora Lesbica)
 * Del otro lado – magazine of Grupo de Madres Lesbianas 2, c. 1996
 * HIMEN Fanzine – Mexico City, published by Colectiva HIMEN
 * Les Voz, Mexico's lesbian feminist magazine- Mexico, 1994–present

Lesbian

 * Lesbian feminism
 * Lesbian fiction
 * Lesbian organizations
 * Lesbian separatism

LGBT

 * List of LGBT periodicals
 * List of LGBT-related organizations

Articles

 * Whitt, Jan. A "Labor from the Heart": Lesbian Magazines from 1947–1994, Journal of Lesbian Studies, vol5, Issue 1/2, Haworth Press, 2001

Archival collections

 * Guide to the Joan Ariel Collection of Lesbian Periodicals. Special Collections and Archives, The UC Irvine Libraries, Irvine, California.

Other
Europe


 * Archif Menywod Cymru / Women's Archive of Wales
 * Archives Recherches Cultures Lesbiennes ARCL
 * Conservatoire des Archives et des Mémoires LGBT
 * Coordination Lesbienne en France
 * Portuguese Lesbian History
 * Separatist Lesbian Cultural Association Visibilia Italy
 * Spanish LGBT Groups
 * Spinnboden Lesbenarchiv

North America


 * Activist Latina Lesbian Publishing – by tatiana de la tierra
 * Canadian Gay and Lesbian periodicals // Periodiques Canadiens pour les Gais et Les Lesbiennes
 * CatalogQ Periodicals
 * Finding aid for the Feminist and Lesbian Periodical Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, University of Oregon
 * History of Women's Media, Martha Allen- Women's Institute for Freedom of the Press
 * Human Sexuality Collection, Cornell University
 * June L. Mazer Lesbian Archives – Los Angeles
 * Lesbian and Gay Liberation in Canada: A Selected, Annotated Chronology 1964–1975, Donald W. McLeod
 * Lesbian (Feminist) Los Angeles, 1970–1990: An Exploratory Ethnohistory, Yolanda Retter University of New Mexico
 * McCormick Library of Special Collections, Northwestern University Library

Oceania


 * Australian Lesbian and Gay Archives
 * Australian Lesbian and Gay Archives Periodical Index
 * Lesbian and Gay Archives of New Zealand