List of republics

This is a list of republics. For antiquity (or later in the case of societies that did not refer to modern terminology to qualify their form of government) the assessment of whether a state organisation is a republic is based on retrospective analysis by historians and political theorists. For more recent systems of government, worldwide organisations with a broad political acceptance (such as the United Nations), can provide information on whether or not a sovereign state is referred to as a republic.

Middle Ages

 * Khersonite State (422 BCE – 1299 CE)
 * Most Serene Republic of San Marino (since 301, constitutional since 1600)
 * Monemvasía State (588–1252)
 * Qarmatians (899–1067)
 * Gotland (?–1285)
 * Upstalsboom League (c. 12th century–15th century)
 * Flag of The Icelandic Commonwealth.png Icelandic Commonwealth (930–1262)
 * Couto Misto (c. 1000 – 1868)
 * Taifa of Córdoba (1031–1070)
 * Republic of Florence (1115–1537)
 * Republic of Siena (1125–1557)
 * Novgorod Republic (1136–1478)
 * Commune of Rome (1144–1193)
 * Most Serene Republic of Lucca (1160–1805)
 * Haudenosaunee (c. 13th century–1794)
 * Republic of Massa (1225–1336)
 * Republic of Sassari (1275–1323)
 * Old Swiss Confederacy (1291–1798)
 * Republic of Poljica (1322–1806)
 * Republic of Senarica (1343–1797)
 * Символ господарства Псковского.png Pskov Republic (1348–1510)
 * Confederacy of Tlaxcala (1348–1520)
 * Dithmarschen (c. 1400 – 1559)
 * Republic of Cospaia (1440–1826)
 * Golden Ambrosian Republic (1447–1450)

Maritime republics
A maritime republic was a thalassocratic city-state during the Middle Ages in which the merchant class had considerable power.


 * Most Serene Republic of Venice (697–1797)
 * Republic of Gaeta (839–1140)
 * Republic of Amalfi (839–1131)
 * Bajjāna (886–922)
 * Republic of Ancona (c. 1000 – 1532)
 * Republic of Pisa (c. 1000 – 1406, 1494–1509)
 * Most Serene Republic of Genoa (c. 1100 – 1797)
 * Republic of Noli (1192–1797)
 * Republic of Ragusa (1358–1808)

Free imperial cities
A free imperial city was a self-ruling city member of the Holy Roman Empire that was represented in the Imperial Diet.


 * DEU Worms COA.svg Free Imperial City of Worms (c. 11th century–1789)
 * Wappen Goslar.svg Free Imperial City of Goslar (1081–1802)
 * (1166–1801)
 * DEU Ulm COA.svg Free Imperial City of Ulm (de jure: 1290–1803; de facto: 1184–1803)
 * Greater Coat of Arms of Free Imperial City of Besançon.svg Free Imperial City of Besançon (1184–1654)
 * (1189–1806;)
 * Wappen Konstanz.svg Free Imperial City of Konstanz (1192–1548)
 * Wappen Wetzlar.svg Free Imperial City of Wetzlar (c. 12th century–1803)
 * DEU Friedberg (Hessen) COA.svg Free Imperial City of Friedberg (1211–1806)
 * Wappen Noerdlingen.svg Free Imperial City of Nördlingen (1215–1803)
 * DEU Nürnberg COA (klein).svg Free Imperial City of Nuremberg (1219–1806)
 * Wappenschild der Stadt Nordhausen.svg Free Imperial City of Nordhausen (1220–1802)
 * Wappen Pfullendorf.svg Free Imperial City of Pfullendorf (1220–1803)
 * Wappen Lübeck.svg Free Imperial City of Lübeck (1226–1811)
 * CoA Rheinfelden, Aargau.svg Free Imperial City of Rheinfelden (1225–1330)
 * Image-Blason Colmar 68.svg Free Imperial City of Colmar (1226–1679)
 * DEU Esslingen am Neckar COA.svg Free Imperial City of Esslingen (1229–1802/3)
 * DEU Offenburg COA.svg Free Imperial City of Offenburg (c. 1240–1803)
 * Wappen Stadt Reutlingen.svg Free Imperial City of Reutlingen (1240–1803)
 * DEU Bopfingen COA.svg Free Imperial City of Bopfingen (1241–1802)
 * Mainz Arms.svg Free Imperial City of Mainz (1241–1462)
 * Wappen Regensburg.svg Free Imperial City of Regensburg (1245–1486; 1496–1803)
 * DEU Schweinfurt COA.svg Free Imperial City of Schweinfurt (1245–1803)
 * Wappen von Bad Windsheim.svg Free Imperial City of Windsheim (1248–1802)
 * Wappen Bad Buchau.svg Free Imperial City of Buchau (c. 1250–1803)
 * Esc Muehlhausen-Thueringen.png Free Imperial City of Mühlhausen (1251–1803)
 * FRA Strasbourg (lesser arms) COA.svg Free Imperial City of Strasbourg (1262–1681)
 * Wappen Memmingen.svg Free Imperial City of Memmigen (1268–1802)
 * Wappen Rottweil.svg Free Imperial City of Rottweil (1268–1802)
 * DEU Überlingen COA.svg Free Imperial City of Überlingen (1268–1803)
 * Schwäbisch Gmünd Wappen.svg Free Imperial City of Gmünd (1268–1802)
 * Wappen von Rothenburg ob der Tauber.svg Free Imperial City of Rothenburg (1274–1803)
 * Wappen Friedrichshafen.svg Free Imperial City of Buchhorn (1275–1803)
 * DEU Lindau COA.svg Free Imperial City of Lindau (1275–1802)
 * Coat of Arms of Weil der Stadt.svg Free Imperial City of Weil (1275–1803)
 * DEU Augsburg COA.svg Free Imperial City of Augsburg (1276–1803)
 * Wappen Ravensburg.svg Free Imperial City of Ravensburg (1276–1803)
 * Wappen Schwaebisch Hall.svg Free Imperial City of Hall (1280–1802)
 * Wappen Biberach.svg Free Imperial City of Biberach an der Riß (1281–1803)
 * DEU Kaufbeuren COA.svg Free Imperial City of Kaufbeuren (1286–1803)
 * Wappen Wangen im Allgäu.svg Free Imperial City of Wangen (1286–1802)
 * Wappen Koeln.svg Free Imperial City of Cologne (1288–1801)
 * DEU Kempten (Allgäu) COA.svg Free Imperial City of Kempten (1289–1802/3)
 * Coat of arms of Dortmund.svg Free Imperial City of Dortmund (1293–1803)
 * DEU Leutkirch im Allgäu COA.svg Free Imperial City of Leutkirch (1293–1803)
 * DEU Speyer COA.svg Free Imperial City of Speyer (1294–1792)
 * DEU Weißenburg COA.svg Free Imperial City of Weißenburg (1296–1802)
 * DEU Zell am Harmersbach COA.svg Free Imperial City of Zell am Harmersbach (c. 14th century–1803)
 * Wappen Bad Wimpfen.svg Free Imperial City of Wimpfen (c. 1300–1803)
 * Wappen von Donauwörth.svg Free Imperial City of Donauwörth (1308–1607)
 * Blason Mulhouse.svg Free Imperial City of Mühlhausen (1347–1798)
 * Wappen von Dinkelsbühl.svg Free Imperial City of Dinkelsbühl (1351–1802)
 * Coa Aalen.svg Free Imperial City of Aalen (1360–1803)
 * DEU Gengenbach COA.svg Free Imperial City of Gengenbach (1360–1803)
 * Wappen Isny.svg Free Imperial City of Isny (1365–1803)
 * Wappen Bremen Nur Schild.svg Free Imperial City of Bremen (de jure: 1654–1811; de facto: 1366–1811)
 * Wappen Heilbronn.svg Free Imperial City of Heilbronn (1371–1802)
 * Wappen Frankfurt am Main.svg Free Imperial City of Frankfurt (1372–1806)
 * Wappen Giengen an der Brenz.svg Free Imperial City of Giengen (1391–1803)
 * Diessenhofen-blazon.svg Free Imperial City of Diessenhofen (1415–1460)
 * Wappen Gersau.svg Republic of Gersau (1433–1798)
 * Soest-coa.svg Free Imperial City of Soest (1449–1616)

Early modernity

 * Zaporizhian Sich (1552–1775)
 * Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795)
 * Dutch Republic (1581–1795)
 * Saint-Malo (1590–1594)
 * Republic of Salé (1619–1668)
 * Catalan Republic (1641)
 * Cossack Hetmanate (1649–1764)
 * 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 Commonwealth of England (1649–1660)
 * Regency of Algiers (1659–1830)
 * Republic of Pirates (1706–1718)
 * Corsican Republic (1755–1769)
 * Republic of Paulava (1769–1795)
 *  United States of America (since 1776, constitutional since 1789)
 * Lanfang Republic (1777–1884)
 * Vermont Republic (1777–1791)
 * French First Republic (1792–1804)
 * Republic of Swellendam (1795)
 * Republic of Graaff-Reinet (1795–1796)
 * State of Muskogee (1799–1803)

Sister republics
A sister republic was a client state of France established by French armies or by local revolutionaries and assisted by the French First Republic during the French Revolutionary Wars.


 * Republic of Liège (1789–1791)
 * Flag of the Brabantine Revolution.svg United Belgian States (1790)
 * Rauracian Republic (1792–1793)
 * Republic of Mainz (1793)
 * Republic of Bouillon (1794–1795)
 * Batavian Republic (1795–1806)
 * Republic of Alba (1796)
 * Bolognese Republic (1796)
 * Republic of Reggio (1796)
 * Cispadane Republic (1796–1797)
 * Transpadane Republic (1796–1797)
 * Republic of Asti (1797)
 * Republic of Bergamo (1797)
 * Republic of Brescia (1797)
 * Republic of Crema (1797)
 * Anconine Republic (1797–1798)
 * Cisalpine Republic (1797–1802)
 * Cisrhenian Republic (1797–1802)
 * Ligurian Republic (1797–1805)
 * Lemanic Republic (1798)
 * Tiberina Republic (1798)
 * Republic of Connacht (1798)
 * Piedmontese Republic (1798–1799)
 * Helvetic Republic (1798–1802)
 * Roman Republic (1798–1799)
 * Republic of Pescara (1799)
 * Parthenopean Republic (1799)
 * Republic of Lucca (1799–1805)
 * Subalpine Republic (1800–1802)
 * Italian Republic (1802–1805)
 * Rhodanic Republic (1802–1810)
 * Swiss Confederation (1803–1815)
 * Republic of Ragusa (1806–1808)
 * Free City of Danzig (1807–1814)

19th century
Africa


 * Flag of Liberia.svg Republic of Liberia (since 1847)
 * Flag of the Republic of Maryland.svg Republic of Maryland (1853–1857)
 * Orange Free State (1854–1902)
 * South African Republic (1856–1877; 1881–1902)

North America


 * Flag of Haiti.svg First Republic of Haiti (1806–1811)
 * Flag of Haiti (1806–1811).svg State of Haiti (1810–1811)
 * Republic of West Florida (1810)
 * East Florida Patriot Flag.svg Republic of East Florida (1812)
 * Green Cross flag of Florida.svg Republic of the Floridas (1817)
 * Flag of Spanish Haiti.svg Republic of Spanish Haiti (1821–1822)
 * Federal Republic of Central America (1823–1841)
 * Bandera de la Primera República Federal de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos.svg First Mexican United States (1824–1835)
 * Republic of Madawaska (1827)
 * Republic of Indian Stream (1832–1835)
 * Bandera de la República Central Mexicana.svg Centralist Republic of Mexico (1835–1846)
 * Republic of Texas (1836–1845)
 * Flag of the Republic of Canada (variant).svg Republic of Canada (1837–1838)
 * Flag of Los Altos.svg State of Los Altos (1838–1840; 1848–1849)
 * Flag of the Patriote movement (Lower Canada).svg Republic of Lower Canada (1838)
 * Flag of Costa Rica (1842-1848).svg Free State of Costa Rica (1838–1847)
 * Flag of Honduras (1866-1898).svg Republic of Honduras (1838–1896)
 * Flag of Nicaragua (1858-1889 and 1893-1896).svg Republic of Nicaragua (1838–1896)
 * Republic of the Rio Grande (1840)
 * Republic of Yucatán (1840–1843; 1846–1848)
 * Flag of Guatemala.svg Republic of Guatemala (since 1840)
 * Flag of El Salvador (1875-1877).svg Republic of El Salvador (1841–1896)
 * Flag of the Dominican First Republic.svg First Dominican Republic (1844–1861)
 * California Republic (June–July 1846)
 * Bandera de la Segunda República Federal de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos.svg Second Mexican United States (1846–1863)
 * Flag of Costa Rica (1848-1906).svg First Costa Rican Republic (1848–1948)
 * Bonnie Blue flag of the Confederate States of America.svg State of Deseret (1849–1850)
 * Flag of the Republic of Lower California.svg Republic of Baja California (15 October 1853–January 1854)
 * Flag of the Republic of Sonora.svg Republic of Sonora (15 October 1853 – 8 May 1854)
 * Flag of Haiti.svg Second Republic of Haiti (since 1859)
 * Confederate States of America (1860–1865)
 * Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg Second Dominican Republic (1865–1916)
 * Flag of Mexico.svg United States of Mexico (since 1867)
 * Republic of Manitobah (1867–1869)
 * United States of Central America (1896–1898)
 * Flag of El Salvador.svg Republic of El Salvador (since 1898)
 * Flag of Honduras.svg Republic of Honduras (since 1898)
 * Flag of Nicaragua.svg Republic of Nicaragua (since 1898)

South America


 * Flag of Paraguay.svg Republic of Paraguay (since 1811)
 * Flag of Venezuela (1811).svg American Confederation of Venezuela (1811–1819)
 * Flag of Argentina (1818).svg United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (1816–1831)
 * Flag of Chile.svg Republic of Chile (since 1818)
 * Flag of the Gran Colombia.svg Republic of Gran Colombia (1819–1831)
 * Bandera de Guayaquil.svg Free Province of Guayaquil (1820–1829)
 * Republic of Entre Ríos (1820–1821)
 * Republic of Tucumán (1820–1821)
 * Flag of Peru (1825-1950).svg Republic of Peru (1824–1836)
 * Flag of Bolivia (state, 1826-1851).svg Republic of Bolivia (1825–1836)
 * Flag of Uruguay.svg Oriental Republic of Uruguay (since 1828)
 * Flag of Ecuador.svg Republic of Ecuador (since 1830)
 * Flag of Venezuela (1830-1836).svg State of Venezuela (1830–1864)
 * Flag of the Argentine Confederation.svg Argentine Confederation (1831–1861)
 * Flag of New Granada.svg Republic of New Granada (1831–1858)
 * Flag of South Peru.svg Republic of South Peru (1836)
 * Flag of Peru (1825-1950).svg Republic of North Peru (1836)
 * Flag of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation.svg Peru–Bolivian Confederation (1836–1839)
 * Riograndense Republic (1836–1845)
 * Juliana Republic (1839)
 * Flag of Peru (state).svg Republic of Peru (since 1839)
 * Flag of Bolivia (state).svg Republic of Bolivia (1839–2009)
 * Flag of the State of Buenos Aires.svg State of Buenos Aires (1852–1861)
 * Flag of New Granada.svg Granadine Confederation (1858–1863)
 * Flag of Argentina.svg Argentine Republic (since 1861)
 * Flag of Colombia.svg United States of Colombia (1863–1886)
 * Flag of Venezuela (1863–1905).svg United States of Venezuela (1864–1953)
 * Flag of Colombia.svg Republic of Colombia (since 1886)
 * Flag of the Republic of Independent Guyana (1887-1904).svg Republic of Independent Guiana (20 July 1886 – 1891)
 * Flag of Brazil (1889–1960).svg Republic of the United States of Brazil (1889–1930)

Asia


 * Lanfang Republic (1777–1884)
 * Republic of Ezo (1868–1869)
 * Zheltuga Republic (1883–1886)
 * Republic of Formosa (1895)
 * Republic of Biak-na-Bato (1897)
 * First Philippine Republic (1898–1901)

Europe


 * Septinsular Republic (1800–1815)
 * Wappen Gersau.svg Republic of Gersau (1814–1818)
 * Republic of Genoa (1814–1815)
 * 🇨🇭 Swiss Confederation (1814–1848)
 * United States of the Ionian Islands (1815–1864)
 * Free City of Krakow (1815–1846)
 * Flag of Bremen.svg Free City of Bremen (1815–1871)
 * Flag of Hamburg.svg Free City of Hamburg (1815–1871)
 * Flag of the Free City of Lübeck.svg Free City of Lübeck (1815–1871)
 * Flag of the Free City of Frankfurt.svg Free City of Frankfurt (1816–1866)
 * Neutral Moresnet (1816–1920)
 * First Hellenic Republic (1828–1832)
 * 🇫🇷 Second French Republic (1848–1852)
 * Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Swiss Confederation (since 1848)
 * Free Cities of Menton and Roquebrune (1848–1849)
 * Roman Republic (February–April 1849)
 * Republic of San Marco (March 1848–August 1849)
 * 🇫🇷 Third French Republic (1871–1940)
 * First Spanish Republic (1873–1874)
 * Bahnmarke bleibt an Backbord liegen.svg Cantons of Alcoy, Algeciras, Alicante, Almansa, Andújar, Bailén, Béjar, Cadiz, Camuñas, Castellón, Córdoba, Granada, Gualchos, Huelva, Jaén, Jumilla, Loja, Málaga, Motril, Murcia, Orihuela, Plasencia, Salamanca, San Fernando, Sevilla, Tarifa, Torrevieja, Valencia (1873) and Cartagena (1873–1874)
 * Republic of Tamrash (1878–1886)

Oceania


 * Independent Commune of Franceville (1889)
 * Republic of Hawai'i (1894–1898)

20th century
Africa


 * Tripolitanian Republic (16 November 1918 – 1922)
 * Confederal Republic of the Tribes of the Rif (18 September 1921 – 27 May 1926)
 * 🇪🇬 Egypt (since 1953)
 * 🇸🇩 Sudan (since 1956)
 * 🇹🇳 Tunisia (since 1957)
 * 🇬🇭 Ghana (since 1960)
 * 🇧🇯 Benin (since 1960)
 * 🇲🇬 Madagascar (since 1960)
 * 🇲🇷 Mauritania (since 1960)
 * 🇸🇴 Somalia (since 1960)
 * 🇨🇲 Cameroon (since 1961)
 * 🇿🇦 South Africa (since 1961)
 * 🇳🇬 Nigeria (since 1963)
 * 🇷🇼 Rwanda (since 1962)
 * 🇩🇿 Algeria (since 1962)
 * Republic of Tanganyika (9 December 1962 – 26 April 1964)
 * 🇺🇬Uganda (since 1963)
 * 🇰🇪Kenya (since 1963)
 * 🇲🇼Malawi (since 1964)
 * 🇿🇲Zambia (since 1964)
 * Flag of Zanzibar (January-April 1964).svg People's Republic of Zanzibar (12 January 1964 – 26 April 1964)
 * 🇹🇿Tanzania (since 26 April 1964)
 * 🇬🇲Gambia (since 1965)
 * 🇧🇼Botswana (since 1966)
 * 🇧🇮Burundi (since 1966)
 * Biafra (30 May 1967 – 15 January 1970)
 * 🇬🇶Equatorial Guinea (since 1968)
 * 🇱🇾Libya (since 1969)
 * 🇨🇫Central African Republic (since 1970)
 * Rhodesia (2 March 1970 – 11 December 1979)
 * 🇸🇱Sierra Leone (since 1971)
 * 🇪🇹Ethiopia (since 1974)
 * 🇨🇻Cape Verde (since 1975)
 * 🇲🇿Mozambique (since 1975)
 * São Tomé and Príncipe (since 1975)
 * 🇪🇭Western Sahara (since 1976)
 * 🇸🇨Seychelles (since 1976)
 * Transkei (26 October 1976 – 27 April 1994)
 * Bophuthatswana (6 December 1977 – 28 April 1994)
 * Venda (13 September 1979 – 28 April 1994)
 * 🇿🇼 Zimbabwe (since 1980)
 * Ciskei (4 December 1981 – 28 April 1994)
 * 🇳🇦Namibia (since 1990)
 * Somaliland (since 1991)
 * 🇲🇺Mauritius (since 1992)

America


 * Republic of Acre (1st: 15 July 1899 – 15 March 1900; 2nd: November 1900–24 December 1900 3rd: 27 January 1903 – 11 November 1903)
 * Flag of Cuba.svg Republic of Cuba (since 20 May 1902)
 * Flag of Panama.svg Republic of Panama (since 3 November 1903)
 * Flag of Brazil (1889–1960).svg First United States of Brazil (16 July 1934 – 29 October 1945)
 * Flag of Brazil (1889–1960).svg Second United States of Brazil (31 January 1946 – 31 March 1964)
 * Flag of Costa Rica (state).svg Second Republic of Costa Rica (since 7 November 1949)
 * Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg Third Dominican Republic (1924–12 July 1965)
 * State flag of Venezuela (1954–2006).svg Republic of Venezuela (11 April 1953 – 15 December 1999)
 * Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg Fourth Dominican Republic (since 1 July 1966)
 * Flag of Anguilla (1967–1969).svg Republic of Anguilla (12 July 1967 – 19 March 1969)
 * Flag of Guyana.svg Co-operative Republic of Guyana (since 23 February 1970)
 * Flag of Suriname.svg Republic of Suriname (since 25 November 1975)
 * Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg Republic of Trinidad and Tobago (since 1 August 1976)
 * Flag of Dominica.svg Commonwealth of Dominica (since 3 November 1978)
 * Flag of Brazil.svg Federative Republic of Brazil (since 15 March 1985)
 * Flag of Venezuela (state).svg Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (since 15 December 1999)

Asia


 * Urjanchai Republic (1 December 1911 – 17 April 1914)
 * 🇹🇼 Republic of China (since 1 January 1912, since 7 December 1949 only in Taiwan)
 * Flag of the Transcaucasian Federation.svg Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (22 April 1918 – 28 May 1918)
 * Democratic Republic of Armenia (28 May 1918 – 2 December 1920)
 * Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan (28 May 1918 – 28 April 1920)
 * Flag of the South West Caucasian Republic.svg Kars Republic (1 December 1918 – 19 April 1919)
 * Flag of the Republic of Aras.svg Republic of Aras (December 1918 – Mid-June 1919)
 * Flag of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (1921–1922).svg Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (28 April 1920 – 12 March 1922)
 * Flag of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1922).svg Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (2 December 1920 – 12 March 1922)
 * Republic of Mountainous Armenia (26 April 1921 – 13 July 1921)
 * Tuvan People's Republic (14 August 1921 – 11 October 1944)
 * 🇹🇷 Republic of Turkey (since 29 October 1923)
 * Mongolian People's Republic (24 November 1924 – 13 February 1992)
 * Commonwealth of the Philippines (15 November 1935 – 4 July 1946)
 * 🇵🇭 Second Philippine Republic (14 November 1943 – 11 June 1945)
 * 🇱🇧 Lebanese Republic (de jure: since 22 November 1943; de facto: since 31 December 1946)
 * 🇮🇩 Republic of Indonesia (since 17 August 1945)
 * 🇲🇲 Republic of the Union of Myanmar (since 4 January 1948)
 * 🇵🇭 Third Philippine Republic (4 July 1946 – 30 December 1965)
 * 🇮🇱 State of Israel (since 14 May 1948)
 * Republic of Korea (since 15 August 1948)
 * Democratic People's Republic of Korea (since 9 September 1948)
 * North Vietnam (since 2 September 1945)
 * South Vietnam (26 October 1955 – 30 April 1975)
 * People's Republic of China (since 1 October 1949)
 * Republic of South Maluku (15 April 1950 – 12 April 1963)
 * 🇮🇳 Republic of India (since 26 January 1950)
 * 🇵🇰 Pakistan (since 1956)
 * 🇮🇶 Iraq (since 1958)
 * 🇨🇾 Cyprus (since 1960)
 * 🇸🇬 Singapore (since 1965)
 * 🇵🇭 Fourth Philippine Republic (30 December 1965–22/25 February 1986)
 * 🇾🇪 Yemen (since 1990)
 * 🇲🇻 Maldives (since 1968)
 * 🇧🇩 Bangladesh (since 1971)
 * 🇱🇰 Sri Lanka (since 1972)
 * 🇦🇫 Afghanistan (1973–1992)
 * Laos (since 1975)
 * 🇮🇷 Iran (since 1979)
 *  Northern Cyprus (since 1983; disputed)
 * 🇵🇭 Republic of the Philippines (since 22/25 February 1986)
 * Palestine (since 1988)
 * 🇦🇲 Armenia (since 1991)
 *  Republic of Artsakh (1991–2023)
 * Georgia (since 1991)
 *  South Ossetia (since 1991; disputed)
 *  Abkhazia (since 1992; disputed)
 * 🇲🇳 Mongolia (since 1992)
 * 🇳🇵 Nepal (since 2008)

Europe


 * Flag of the Kruševo Republic.svg Kruševo Republic (3 August 1903 – 13 August 1903)
 * 🇵🇹 First Portuguese Republic (5 October 1910 – 26 May 1926)
 * Flag of TRWT.svg Independent Government of Western Thrace (31 August 1913 – 25 October 1913)
 * 🇫🇮 Republic of Finland (since 6 December 1917)
 * 🇷🇺 Russian Republic (1917)
 * 🇺🇦 Ukrainian People's Republic (25 January 1917 – 29 April 1918; 14 December 1918 – 18 March 1921)
 * Flag of the Mountain Republic.svg Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus (11 May 1917–January 1921)
 * Flag of Crimean People's Republic 1917.svg Crimean People's Republic (13 December 1917–January 1918)
 * Flag of the Moldavian Democratic Republic.svg Moldavian Democratic Republic (6 February 1918 – 10 December 1918)
 * Flag of Kuban People's Republic.svg Kuban People's Republic (16 February 1918 – 17 March 1920)
 * Flag of Belarus (1918, 1991–1995).svg Belarusian People's Republic (9 March 1918 – 1919)
 * 🇹🇷 Republic of Turkey (since 29 October 1923)
 * 🇱🇹 Lithuania (16 February 1918 – 3 August 1940)
 * 🇪🇪 Estonia (24 February 1918 – 6 August 1940)
 * Flag of Don Cossacks.svg Don Republic (18 May 1918 – 1920)
 * Democratic Republic of Georgia (26 May 1918 – 25 April 1921)
 * 🇵🇱 Commonwealth of Zakopane (13 October 1918 – 16 November 1918)
 * 🇺🇦 West Ukrainian People's Republic (18 October 1918 – 22 January 1919)
 * 🇺🇦 Komancza Republic (4 November 1918 – 24 January 1919)
 * POL Tarnobrzeg flag.svg Republic of Tarnobrzeg (6 November 1918–Spring 1919)
 * Flag of Bavaria (striped).svg People's State of Bavaria (8 November 1918 – 6 April 1919)
 * 🇦🇹 Republic of German-Austria (12 November 1918 – 10 September 1919)
 * 🇵🇱 Second Polish Republic (16 November 1918 – 6 October 1939)
 * 🇱🇻 Latvia (18 November 1918 – 5 August 1940)
 * First Czechoslovak Republic (28 October 1918 – 30 September 1938)
 * Прапор Лемко-Русинської Республіки.svg Lemko-Rusyn People's Republic (5 December 1918–March 1920)
 * 🇦🇹 First Austrian Republic (10 September 1919 – 1 May 1934)
 * Free State of Fiume (12 November 1920 – 22 February 1924)
 * Republic of Central Lithuania (12 October 1920 – 24 March 1922)
 * Free City of Danzig (15 November 1920 – 2 September 1939)
 * Flag of the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (1921–1922).svg Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (25 February 1921 – 12 March 1922)
 * Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)
 * Second Hellenic Republic (1924–1935)
 * Catalan Republic (14 April 1931 – 17 April 1931)
 * 🇪🇸 Second Spanish Republic (de facto: 1931–1939; de jure: 1931–1975)
 * 🇮🇪 Ireland (since 29 December 1949)
 * Second Czechoslovak Republic (30 September 1938 – 15 March 1939)
 * 🇺🇦 Carpatho-Ukraine (30 December 1938 – 18 March 1939)
 * 🇸🇰 Slovak State (14 March 1939 – 4 April 1945)
 * 🇫🇷 Fourth French Republic (1946–1958)
 * Italian Republic (since 2 June 1946)
 * 🇦🇱 Albania (est. 1946)
 * 🇷🇴 Romania (est. 1947, communist government from 1948 to 1989)
 * 🇫🇷 Fifth French Republic (since 1958)
 * 🇬🇷 Third Hellenic Republic (since 1974)
 * 🇲🇹 Malta (since 1974)
 *  Transnistria (since 1990; disputed)
 * 🇱🇹 Lithuania (since 11 March 1990)
 * 🇪🇪 Estonia (since 20 August 1991)
 * 🇱🇻 Latvia (since 21 August 1991)

Oceania


 * Republic of West Papua (1961–1963)
 * 🇼🇸 Independent State of Samoa (since 1 January 1962)
 * 🇳🇷 Republic of Nauru (since 31 January 1968)
 * Bandera Tanna Vanuatu.svg Nation of Tanna (1974)
 * Flag of Bougainville.svg Republic of the North Solomons (1975–1976)
 * 🇵🇼 Republic of Palau (since 2 April 1979)
 * 🇲🇭 Republic of the Marshall Islands (since 1979)
 * 🇰🇮 Republic of Kiribati (since 12 July 1979)
 * Tafea Flag.svg Tafea Nation (1980)
 * 🇻🇺 Republic of Vanuatu (since 30 July 1980)
 * Flag of Vemerana.svg Republic of Vemerana (1980)
 * 🇫🇲 Federated States of Micronesia (since 3 November 1986)
 * 🇫🇯 Republic of Fiji (since 7 October 1987)
 * Flag of Rotuma (1987-1988).svg Republic of Rotuma (1987–1988)

21st century and later

 * Flag of East Timor.svg Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste (since 20 May 2002)
 * 🇦🇫 Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (9 October 2004 – 15 August 2021)
 * Flag of Kosovo.svg Republic of Kosovo (since 17 February 2008; disputed)
 * Flag of Nepal.svg Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal (since 28 May 2008)
 * Flag of Bolivia (state).svg Plurinational State of Bolivia (since 7 February 2009)
 * Flag of Libya.svg State of Libya (since 17 February 2011)
 * 🇸🇸 Republic of South Sudan (since 9 July 2011)
 * 🇧🇧 Barbados (since 30 November 2021)

List by type
In modern usage, a republican system of government is loosely applied to any state which claims this designation. For example, the Dominican Republic under Rafael Trujillo is considered a republic, as is the Republic of Iraq under Saddam Hussein.

Arab republics

 * Tripolitanian Republic (1918–1922)
 * 🇪🇬 Arab Republic of Egypt (1953–present)
 * Syrian Arab Republic (1946–present)
 * 🇪🇭 Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (1976–present)
 * United Arab Republic (1958–1971)
 * Yemen Arab Republic (1962–1990)
 * 🇱🇾 Libyan Arab Republic (1969–1977)

Confederal republics
Confederal republics are associations of sovereign states, usually having power over critical common issues such as defense and foreign policy:
 * Confederate States of America (1861–1865)
 * Senegambia Confederation (1982–1989)
 * 🇺🇸 United States of America (under the Second Continental Congress and the Articles of Confederation, 1776–1789)

Crowned republics
A crowned republic, is a form of constitutional monarchy where the monarch's role is commonly seen as largely ceremonial and where all the royal prerogatives are prescribed by custom and law in such a way that the monarch has limited discretion over governmental and constitutional issues.


 * 🇬🇧 United Kingdom (1707–present)
 * 🇳🇴 Kingdom of Norway (1905–present)
 * 🇦🇺 Commonwealth of Australia (1986–present)
 * 🇳🇿 Realm of New Zealand (1947–present)
 * 🇯🇵 Japan (1952–present)
 * 🇨🇦 Canada (1982–present)
 * Kingdom of Greece (1864–1967)
 * Union of South Africa (1910–1961)
 * Malaya (1957–1963)
 * 🇲🇾 Malaysia (1963–present)
 * 🇹🇭 Thailand (1932–present)

Democratic republics
Democratic republics are usually socialist states, although not all of them are necessarily socialist.


 * 🇰🇵 Democratic People's Republic of Korea (1948–present)
 * Democratic Republic of the Congo (1966–1971, 1997–present)
 * 🇸🇹 Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe (1975–present)
 * Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste (1975–present)
 * Democratic Republic of Vietnam (1945–1975)
 * 🇪🇭 Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (1976–present)
 * 🇱🇰 Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (1978–present)
 * 🇪🇹 Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (1991–present)
 * 🇳🇵 Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal (2008–present)
 * German Democratic Republic (1949–1990)
 * Lao People's Democratic Republic (1975–present)
 * 🇩🇿 People's Democratic Republic of Algeria (1962–present)
 * People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (1967–1990)

Federal republics
Federal republics are federal states in which the administrative divisions (states or provinces) theoretically retain a degree of autonomy which is constitutionally protected, and cannot be revoked unilaterally by the national government. Federal republics are not unitary states.


 * 🇻🇪 Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
 * 🇧🇦 Bosnia and Herzegovina (since 1995)
 * 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 Commonwealth of England (1649–1653)
 * Regency of Algiers (1659–1830)
 * Czechoslovakia: Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (1969–1990), Czech and Slovak Federative Republic (1990–1992)
 * 🇪🇹 Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (unitary republic 1974–1994; federal republic since 1994)
 * 🇨🇲 Federal Republic of Cameroon (1961–1972)
 * 🇸🇴 Federal Republic of Somalia (since August 2012)
 * 🇧🇷 Federative Republic of Brazil (since 15 November 1889)
 * 🇩🇪 Federal Republic of Germany (since 1949)
 * Gran Colombia (Republic of Colombia) (1819–1886), known as Great Colombia from 1819 to 1831, when it included present-day Ecuador, Venezuela and Panama.
 * 🇵🇰 Islamic Republic of Pakistan (since 1956)
 * 🇲🇽 Second Federal Republic of Mexico (1846–1864)
 * 🇲🇽 United Mexican States (since 1917)
 * 🇳🇵 Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal (since 2007)
 * 🇳🇬 Federal Republic of Nigeria (1963–66:1st Republic, 1979–83: 2nd Republic, 1993: 3rd Republic, 1999–present: 4th Republic)
 * 🇦🇷 Argentine Republic (since 1852)
 * 🇮🇳 Republic of India (since 26 January 1950)
 * 🇸🇸 Republic of South Sudan (since 9 July 2011)
 * 🇸🇩 Republic of Sudan (since 1 January 1956)
 * 🇦🇹 Republic of Austria
 * 🇷🇺 Russian Federation (since 7 November 1917; up to 1991 it was named Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic )
 * State Union of Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006)
 * 🇨🇭 Swiss Confederation (1848–present), a federal republic but called the Swiss Confederation
 * Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)
 * United Provinces of Central America (1823–1840)
 * 🇺🇸 United States of America (since 1789)
 * 🇮🇩 United States of Indonesia (1949–1950)
 * Yugoslavia: Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (1946–1963), Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1963–1992), Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–2003)

Islamic republics
Republics governed in accordance with Islamic law:
 * 🇦🇫 Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (2004–2021)
 * 🇮🇷 Islamic Republic of Iran (since 1979)
 * 🇲🇷 Islamic Republic of Mauritania (since 1960)
 * 🇵🇰 Islamic Republic of Pakistan (since 1956)

People's republics
People's republics are said to be governed by the people. The name is most often (but not always) used by communist states.

Current people's republics

 * 🇰🇵 Democratic People's Republic of Korea
 * 🇩🇿 People's Democratic Republic of Algeria
 * Lao People's Democratic Republic
 * 🇧🇩 People's Republic of Bangladesh
 * 🇨🇳 People's Republic of China

Former people's republics

 * Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (1946–1963)
 * 🇱🇾 Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1977–2011)
 * 🇲🇳 Mongolian People's Republic (1924–1992)
 * People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (1967–1970)
 * 🇦🇱 People's Republic of Albania (1946–1976)
 * 🇦🇴 People's Republic of Angola (1975–1992)
 * 🇧🇯 People's Republic of Benin (1975–1990)
 * 🇧🇬 People's Republic of Bulgaria (1946–1990)
 * 🇨🇩 People's Republic of the Congo (1970–1992)
 * 🇭🇺 People's Republic of Hungary (1949–1989)
 * 🇲🇿 People's Republic of Mozambique (1975–1990)
 * 🇵🇱 People's Republic of Poland (1952–1989)
 * 🇪🇹 People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (1987–1991)
 * 🇷🇴 Romanian People's Republic (1947–1965)

Socialist republics
These are republics that use the word "socialist" in their official name.


 * Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1920–1990)
 * Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (1920–1991)
 * Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (1920–1991)
 * Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (1960–1990)
 * 🇱🇰 Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka
 * 🇱🇾 Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1977–2011)
 * Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1963–1992)
 * 🇦🇱 People's Socialist Republic of Albania (1976–1990)
 * 🇷🇴 Socialist Republic of Romania (1965–1989)
 * Socialist Republic of Vietnam (since 1976)
 * Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (1919–1991)
 * Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)

Unitary republics
Unitary republics are unitary states which are governed constitutionally as one single unit, with a single constitutionally created legislature. Unitary states are not federations or confederations.


 * 🇦🇫 Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (2004–2021)
 * Republic of Acre (1st: 1899–1900; 2nd: 1900; 3rd: 1903)
 * 🇦🇱 Republic of Albania (since 1946)
 * 🇩🇿 People's Democratic Republic of Algeria
 * 🇦🇴 Republic of Angola (since 1975)
 * 🇦🇲 Republic of Armenia (1st: 28 May 1918; Current: 25 December 1991)
 * 🇦🇿 Republic of Azerbaijan (1st: 28 May 1918; re-established: 18 October 1991)
 * 🇧🇩 People's Republic of Bangladesh
 * 🇧🇧 Barbados (since 30 November 2021)
 * 🇧🇯 Republic of Benin
 * Republic of Bophuthatswana (1977–1994)
 * 🇧🇴 Plurinational State of Bolivia
 * 🇧🇼 Republic of Botswana (since 1966)
 * 🇧🇬 Republic of Bulgaria (since 1946)
 * 🇧🇫 Burkina Faso
 * Republic of the Union of Myanmar (Burma)
 * 🇧🇮 Republic of Burundi (since 1966)
 * 🇨🇲 Republic of Cameroon
 * 🇨🇻 Republic of Cape Verde
 * 🇹🇩 Republic of Chad
 * 🇨🇫 Central African Republic (1958–1976; restored 1979)
 * 🇨🇱 Republic of Chile
 * 🇨🇳 People's Republic of China
 * 🇹🇼 Republic of China (Taiwan)
 * Republic of Ciskei (1981–1994)
 * 🇨🇴 Republic of Colombia (unitary republic since 1886)
 * Democratic Republic of the Congo
 * 🇨🇩 Republic of the Congo
 * Corsican Republic (1755–1769)
 * Cospaia (1440–1826)
 * 🇨🇷 Republic of Costa Rica
 * 🇭🇷 Republic of Croatia
 * 🇨🇺 Republic of Cuba
 * 🇨🇾 Republic of Cyprus
 * 🇨🇿 Czech Republic
 * 🇩🇲 Commonwealth of Dominica
 * 🇩🇴 Dominican Republic (1821–1822, 1844–1861, 1865–present)
 * 🇩🇯 Republic of Djibouti
 * 🇪🇨 Republic of Ecuador
 * 🇪🇬 Arab Republic of Egypt (since 1953)
 * 🇸🇻 Republic of El Salvador (1821–present)
 * 🇬🇶 Republic of Equatorial Guinea
 * 🇪🇷 State of Eritrea
 * 🇪🇪 Republic of Estonia (since 1918)
 * Republic of Ezo (1868–1869)
 * Independent Commune of Franceville (1889)
 * 🇫🇯 Republic of Fiji (since 1987)
 * 🇫🇮 Republic of Finland (since 1919)
 * Finnish Democratic Republic (1 December 1939 to 12 March 1940)
 * Republic of Formosa (1895)
 * 🇫🇷 French Republic
 * 🇬🇦 Gabonese Republic
 * 🇬🇲 Republic of the Gambia (since 1970)
 * Georgia
 * 🇬🇭 Republic of Ghana (since 1960)
 * 🇬🇷 Hellenic Republic (First Hellenic Republic (1822–1832))
 * 🇬🇹 Republic of Guatemala
 * 🇬🇳 Republic of Guinea
 * 🇬🇼 Republic of Guinea-Bissau
 * 🇬🇾 Co-operative Republic of Guyana (since 1970)
 * 🇭🇹 Republic of Haiti (1806–1849; restored 1859)
 * Republic of Hawaii (1894–1898)
 * 🇭🇳 Republic of Honduras
 * 🇭🇺 Republic of Hungary (since 1946)
 * 🇮🇸 Republic of Iceland (republic since 1944)
 * 🇮🇩 Republic of Indonesia (unitary republic since August 1950)
 * 🇮🇱 Israel (since 14 May 1948)
 * 🇮🇹 Italian Republic (since 1946)
 * 🇮🇹 Italian Social Republic (1943–1945)
 * 🇮🇷 Islamic Republic of Iran (since 1979)
 * 🇮🇶 Republic of Iraq (since 1958)
 * 🇮🇪 Ireland (since 1949)
 * Republic of Ivory Coast
 * 🇰🇿 Republic of Kazakhstan
 * 🇰🇪 Republic of Kenya (since 1964)
 * 🇰🇮 Republic of Kiribati (since 1979)
 * 🇰🇷 Republic of Korea (since 1948)
 * 🇰🇵 Democratic People's Republic of Korea (since 1948)
 * 🇰🇼 Republic of Kuwait (1990)
 * 🇰🇬 Kyrgyz Republic
 * Lao People's Democratic Republic (since 1975)
 * 🇱🇻 Republic of Latvia
 * 🇱🇧 Republic of Lebanon (22 November 1943)
 * 🇱🇷 Republic of Liberia
 * 🇱🇾 Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1969–2011)
 * 🇱🇹 Republic of Lithuania
 * Lokot Republic (1941–1943)
 * 🇲🇬 Republic of Madagascar
 * 🇲🇼 Republic of Malawi (since 1966)
 * 🇲🇻 Republic of Maldives (since 1968)
 * 🇲🇱 Republic of Mali (since 1960)
 * 🇲🇹 Republic of Malta (since 1974)
 * 🇲🇭 Republic of the Marshall Islands (since 1979)
 * 🇲🇷 Islamic Republic of Mauritania
 * 🇲🇺 Republic of Mauritius (since 1992)
 * Menton and Roquebrune (1848–1861)
 * 🇲🇩 Republic of Moldova
 * 🇲🇳 State of Mongolia (since 1924)
 * 🇲🇪 Republic of Montenegro (since 2006)
 * 🇲🇿 Republic of Mozambique
 * State of Muskogee (1799–1803)
 * 🇳🇦 Republic of Namibia
 * 🇳🇷 Republic of Nauru
 * 🇳🇮 Republic of Nicaragua
 * 🇳🇪 Republic of Niger
 * Republic of North Macedonia (since 1991)
 * 🇵🇼 Republic of Palau (since 1981)
 * 🇵🇦 Republic of Panama
 * 🇵🇾 Republic of Paraguay
 * 🇵🇪 Republic of Peru
 * 🇵🇭 Republic of the Philippines (since 1946)
 * 🇵🇱 Republic of Poland
 * 🇵🇹 Portuguese Republic (since 1910)
 * Republic of Rhodesia (1970–1979)
 * 🇷🇴 Romania (since 1947)
 * 🇷🇼 Republic of Rwanda (since 1961)
 * 🇼🇸 Independent State of Samoa (since 1962)
 * 🇸🇲 Most Serene Republic of San Marino (since 301)
 * 🇸🇹 Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe
 * 🇸🇳 Republic of Senegal
 * 🇷🇸 Republic of Serbia
 * 🇸🇨 Republic of Seychelles
 * 🇸🇱 Republic of Sierra Leone (since 1971)
 * 🇸🇬 Republic of Singapore (since 1965)
 * 🇸🇰 Slovak Republic (1939–1945)
 * 🇸🇮 Republic of Slovenia
 * 🇿🇦 Republic of South Africa (since 1961)
 * 🇪🇸 Republic of Spain (1931–1939)
 * 🇱🇰 Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (since 1972)
 * 🇸🇷 Republic of Suriname
 * Syrian Arab Republic
 * 🇹🇯 Republic of Tajikistan
 * 🇹🇿 United Republic of Tanzania
 * Republic of Texas (1836–1845)
 * Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste
 * 🇹🇬 Togolese Republic
 * Republic of Transkei (1976–1994)
 * 🇹🇹 Republic of Trinidad and Tobago (since 1976)
 * 🇹🇳 Tunisian Republic (since 1957)
 * 🇹🇷 Republic of Turkey (since 1923)
 * 🇹🇲 Turkmenistan
 * 🇺🇬 Republic of Uganda (since 1963)
 * 🇺🇦 Ukraine
 * Republic of Upper Volta (1958–1984)
 * 🇺🇾 Oriental Republic of Uruguay
 * 🇺🇿 Republic of Uzbekistan
 * 🇻🇺 Republic of Vanuatu
 * Republic of Venda (1979–1994)
 * Vermont Republic (1777–1791)
 * Republic of Vietnam (1955–1975)
 * Republic of West Florida (1810)
 * 🇾🇪 Republic of Yemen (since 1962)
 * 🇿🇲 Republic of Zambia (since 1964)
 * 🇿🇼 Republic of Zimbabwe

Republics of Russia

 * Republic of Adygea
 * Republic of Chechnya
 * Republic of Dagestan
 * Republic of Ingushetia
 * Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria
 * Republic of Kalmykia
 * Flag of North Ossetia.svg Republic of North Ossetia-Alania
 * Republic of Altai
 * Republic of Bashkortostan
 * Republic of Buryatia
 * Republic of Chuvashia
 * Republic of Karelia
 * Republic of Khakassia
 * Republic of Komi
 * Republic of Mari El
 * Republic of Mordovia
 * Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)
 * Republic of Tatarstan
 * Republic of Tuva
 * Republic of Udmurtia

Disputed separatist republics

 *  Republic of Abkhazia
 *  Republic of South Ossetia
 *  Gagauz Republic (1990–1995)
 *  Pridnestrovian Moldovan Republic
 * Flag of Kosovo.svg Republic of Kosovo
 *  Republika Srpska (1992–1995)
 * Dubrovnik Republic (1991-1992).svg Dubrovnik Republic (1991–1992)
 * State Flag of Serbian Krajina (1991).svg Republic of Serbian Krajina (1991–1995)
 *  Republic of Artsakh (1991–2023)
 *  Kurdish Republic of Lachin (1992)
 *  Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
 *  Donetsk People's Republic
 *  Luhansk People's Republic
 *  Republic of Crimea
 *  Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (1991–2000)
 *  Republic of Tatarstan (1992–1994)
 *  Catalan Republic (2017)