Littorinidae

The Littorinidae are a taxonomic family of over 200 species of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha, commonly known as periwinkles and found worldwide.

Names
In English-speaking countries, gastropod molluscs from other families, such as the Neritidae, are sometimes also commonly known as "winkles" because they are small, round snails that occupy a similar ecological niche.

Taxonomy
These subfamilies have been recognized in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005):
 * Subfamily Littorininae Children, 1834 – synonyms: Echinininae Rosewater, 1972; Tectariinae Rosewater, 1972; Melaraphidae Starobogatov & Sitnikova, 1983
 * Subfamily Lacuninae Gray, 1857 – synonyms: Risellidae Kesteven, 1903; Cremnoconchinae Preston, 1915; Bembiciidae Finlay, 1928.
 * Subfamily Laevilitorininae Reid, 1989

Genera within the family Littorinidae include:


 * Littorininae
 * Afrolittorina Williams, Reid & Littlewood, 2003
 * Austrolittorina Rosewater, 1970
 * Cenchritis von Martens, 1900
 * Echinolittorina Habe, 1956 – synonyms: Amerolittorina Reid, 2009; Fossarilittorina Rosewater, 1981; Granulilittorina Habe & Kosuge, 1966; Lineolittorina Reid, 2009
 * Littoraria Griffith & Pidgeon, 1834 – 39 species
 * Littorina Férussac, 1822 – 18 species – type genus
 * Mainwaringia Nevill, 1885
 * Melarhaphe Menke, 1828
 * Nodilittorina von Martens, 1897 – this genus proved to be polyphyletic and in 2003 was divided into:
 * Echinolittorina – 59 species worldwide
 * Austrolittorina – five species
 * Afrolittorina – four species
 * Nodilittorina s.s. – the monotypic subgenus
 * Peasiella - Nevill, 1885
 * Tectarius Valenciennes, 1833 – 11 species, its synonym or subgenus includes: Echininus Clench & Abbott, 1942.


 * Lacuninae
 * Bembicium Philippi, 1846
 * Cremnoconchus Blanford, 1869 – freshwater snails living in waterfalls.
 * Lacuna Turton, 1827 – synonym: Aquilonaria Dall, 1886
 * Pellilitorina Pfeffer in Martens & Pfeffer, 1886
 * Risellopsis Kesteven, 1902


 * Laevilitorininae
 * Laevilacunaria Powell, 1951
 * Laevilitorina Pfeiffer, 1886

subfamily ?
 * Algamorda Dall, 1918
 * Macquariella Finlay, 1927 (?)
 * Rissolitorina Ponder, 1966


 * Synonyms:
 * Corneolitorina Powell, 1951: synonym of Laevilitorina (Laevilitorina) Pfeffer in Martens & Pfeffer, 1886 represented as Laevilitorina Pfeffer, 1886
 * Haloconcha Dall, 1886 is a synonym for Lacunaria Dall, 1885
 * Macquariella Finlay, 1926: synonym of Laevilitorina Pfeffer, 1886
 * Rissolittorina Ponder, 1966: synonym of Laevilitorina Pfeffer, 1886