Lucilia bufonivora

Lucilia bufonivora is a member of the fly family Calliphoridae which are commonly known as blow flies. L. bufonivora is commonly referred to as a toadfly. The adult flies will typically feed on pollen and nectar of flowers, while the larvae are parasitoids that feed mainly on the living flesh of the common toad (Bufo bufo), leading to the toad's death, though they have been found as parasites on other frog and toad species. It is common in north west Europe.

Description
The adult toadfly has large brown compound eyes, a bright metallic green thorax and abdomen clad with bristly black hairs and a pair of membraneous, dark veined, translucent wings. The larvae are creamy white maggots similar to those of other blow flies that are found on dead animals and rotting meat.

Parasitism
The adult toadfly strategically lays its eggs near the nostrils of the common toad, displaying a preference for weakened or injured individuals. Upon hatching, the larvae delicately feed on the nostril tissue, gradually navigating into the intricate passages of the nasal cavities. As they mature, these voracious larvae exhibit an insatiable appetite, devouring not only the host's eyes but also its brain and other vital tissues. Alternatively, the eggs may be laid in wounds and eat the hosts flesh. When the toad has died and the larvae have totally consumed its tissues and finished their development, they make their way into the soil and pupate. The larvae are sensitive to temperature and only thrive between 14 °C and 29 °C. If they are cooled below this range they will stop feeding and attempt to leave the host and bury themselves shallowly in the soil to hibernate.

In a study in the Netherlands, it was found that the fly selectively targeted larger toads, with no juveniles and very few one-year-olds being affected. Overall, 8% of the toads examined were hosts to the toadfly larvae and would later have died, indicating that the activities of this parasite have a significant effect on the toad population.