Luminance

Luminance is a photometric measure of the luminous intensity per unit area of light travelling in a given direction. It describes the amount of light that passes through, is emitted from, or is reflected from a particular area, and falls within a given solid angle.

The procedure for conversion from spectral radiance to luminance is standardized by the CIE and ISO.

Brightness is the term for the subjective impression of the objective luminance measurement standard (see for the importance of this contrast).

The SI unit for luminance is candela per square metre (cd/m2). A non-SI term for the same unit is the nit. The unit in the Centimetre–gram–second system of units (CGS) (which predated the SI system) is the stilb, which is equal to one candela per square centimetre or 10 kcd/m2.

Description
Luminance is often used to characterize emission or reflection from flat, diffuse surfaces. Luminance levels indicate how much luminous power could be detected by the human eye looking at a particular surface from a particular angle of view. Luminance is thus an indicator of how bright the surface will appear. In this case, the solid angle of interest is the solid angle subtended by the eye's pupil.

Luminance is used in the video industry to characterize the brightness of displays. A typical computer display emits between $50 cd/m^{2}$. The sun has a luminance of about $1.6 cd/m^{2}$ at noon.

Luminance is invariant in geometric optics. This means that for an ideal optical system, the luminance at the output is the same as the input luminance.

For real, passive optical systems, the output luminance is equal to the input. As an example, if one uses a lens to form an image that is smaller than the source object, the luminous power is concentrated into a smaller area, meaning that the illuminance is higher at the image. The light at the image plane, however, fills a larger solid angle so the luminance comes out to be the same assuming there is no loss at the lens. The image can never be "brighter" than the source.

Health effects
Retinal damage can occur when the eye is exposed to high luminance. Damage can occur because of local heating of the retina. Photochemical effects can also cause damage, especially at short wavelengths.

The IEC 60825 series gives guidance on safety relating to exposure of the eye to lasers, which are high luminance sources. The IEC 62471 series gives guidance for evaluating the photobiological safety of lamps and lamp systems including luminaires. Specifically it specifies the exposure limits, reference measurement technique and classification scheme for the evaluation and control of photobiological hazards from all electrically powered incoherent broadband sources of optical radiation, including LEDs but excluding lasers, in the wavelength range from $200 nm$ through $3,000 nm$. This standard was prepared as Standard CIE S 009:2002 by the International Commission on Illumination.

Luminance meter
A luminance meter is a device used in photometry that can measure the luminance in a particular direction and with a particular solid angle. The simplest devices measure the luminance in a single direction while imaging luminance meters measure luminance in a way similar to the way a digital camera records color images.

Formulation


The luminance of a specified point of a light source, in a specified direction, is defined by the mixed partial derivative $$L_\mathrm{v} = \frac{\mathrm{d}^2\Phi_\mathrm{v}}{\mathrm{d}\Sigma\,\mathrm{d}\Omega_\Sigma \cos \theta_\Sigma}$$ where
 * $L_{v}$ is the luminance (cd/m2);
 * $d^{2}Φ_{v}$ is the luminous flux (lm) leaving the area $dΣ$ in any direction contained inside the solid angle $dΩ_{Σ}$;
 * $dΣ$ is an infinitesimal area (m2) of the source containing the specified point;
 * $dΩ_{Σ}$ is an infinitesimal solid angle (sr) containing the specified direction; and
 * $θ_{Σ}$ is the angle between the normal $n_{Σ}$ to the surface $dΣ$ and the specified direction.

If light travels through a lossless medium, the luminance does not change along a given light ray. As the ray crosses an arbitrary surface $S$, the luminance is given by $$L_\mathrm{v} = \frac{\mathrm{d}^2\Phi_\mathrm{v}}{\mathrm{d}S\,\mathrm{d}\Omega_S \cos \theta_S}$$ where
 * $dS$ is the infinitesimal area of $S$ seen from the source inside the solid angle $dΩ_{Σ}$;
 * $dΩ_{S}$ is the infinitesimal solid angle subtended by $dΣ$ as seen from $dS$; and
 * $θ_{S}$ is the angle between the normal $n_{S}$ to $dS$ and the direction of the light.

More generally, the luminance along a light ray can be defined as $$L_\mathrm{v} = n^2\frac{\mathrm{d}\Phi_\mathrm{v}}{\mathrm{d}G}$$ where
 * $dG$ is the etendue of an infinitesimally narrow beam containing the specified ray;
 * $dΦ_{v}$ is the luminous flux carried by this beam; and
 * $n$ is the index of refraction of the medium.

Relation to illuminance
The luminance of a reflecting surface is related to the illuminance it receives: $$\int_{\Omega_\Sigma} L_\text{v} \mathrm{d}\Omega_\Sigma \cos \theta_\Sigma = M_\text{v} = E_\text{v} R,$$ where the integral covers all the directions of emission $Ω_{Σ}$,
 * $M_{v}$ is the surface's luminous exitance;
 * $E_{v}$ is the received illuminance; and
 * $R$ is the reflectance.

In the case of a perfectly diffuse reflector (also called a Lambertian reflector), the luminance is isotropic, per Lambert's cosine law. Then the relationship is simply $$L_\text{v} = \frac{E_\text{v} R}{\pi}.$$

Units
A variety of units have been used for luminance, besides the candela per square metre.