Macrochelidae

Macrochelidae is a family of mites in the order Mesostigmata.

Description
Adult females of Macrochelidae have: an undivided dorsal shield bearing at least 28 pairs of setae, a sternal shield with three pairs of setae, a genital shield with one pair of setae and with a pair of conspicuous accessory sclerites beneath lateral margins, usually a ventrianal shield with 1–5 pairs of setae in addition to circumanal setae, peritreme usually looped around stigma, and movable cheliceral digit usually with a well-developed arthrodial brush at the base. Adult males are similar but with a holoventral shield or separate sternigenital and ventrianal shields.

Reproduction
Macrochelidae reproduce sexually and some can also reproduce asexually. Species of Geholaspis and Macrocheles can perform thelytoky, the production of female offspring from unfertilised eggs. Species of Glyptholaspis, Holostaspella and Macrocheles can perform arrhenotoky, the production of male offspring from unfertilised eggs.

Ecology
Mites of this family are predators. The majority of species are coprophilous, meaning they live in animal dung and feed on the prey available there (oligochaete worms, nematodes, arthropod eggs and larvae). Dung offers high prey availability and shelter from the weather, but it is a temporary resource. Melicharids therefore attach to insects (e.g. scarab beetles or flies) to be carried to fresh dung deposits; this is known as phoresis. Adult females tend to be the ones that engage in phoresis, though males and nymphs can do it as well.

Some macrochelids are believed to be facultatively parasitic on their hosts, rather than phoretic. An example is Macrocheles muscaedomesticae on flies.

Other macrochelids occupy habitats such as forest litter, decaying plant debris, beach wrack or the nests of various animals.

Biological control
Because of their predatory nature, some macrochelids have potential as biological control agents of pest insects, such as flies and thrips. The species Macrocheles robustulus is commercially available for this purpose.

Taxonomy
Macrochelidae contains the following genera and species:

Aethosoma Krantz, 1962 Ancistrocheles Krantz, 1962 Andhrolaspis Türk, 1948 Bellatocheles van Driel & Loots, 1975 Calholaspis Berlese, 1918 Cophrolaspis Berlese, 1918
 * Aethosoma burchellestes Krantz, 1962
 * Ancistrocheles bregetovae Krantz, 1962
 * Andhrolaspis trinitatis Türk, 1948
 * Bellatocheles variatus van Driel & Loots, 1975
 * Calholaspis superbus Berlese, 1918
 * Calholaspis taiwanicus Tseng, 1993
 * Cophrolaspis glabra (Müller, 1859)

Evholocelaeno Berlese, 1918 Geholaspis Berlese, 1918 Glyptholaspis Filipponi & Pegazzano, 1960 Gonatothrix G. W. Krantz, 1988 Holocelaeno Berlese, 1910 Holostaspella Berlese, 1903 Lordocheles Krantz, 1961 Macrocheles Latreille, 1829 Neoholaspis Türk, 1948 Neopodocinum Oudemans, 1902 Nothrholaspis Berlese, 1918 Proholaspina Berlese, 1918 Synaphasis Krantz, 1961 Tigonholaspis Vitzthum, 1930 Tricholaspis Evans, 1956 Tricholocelaeno Berlese, 1918 Trigonholaspis Vitzthum, 1930 Venatiolaspis van Driel & Loots, 1975
 * Evholocelaeno bursiformis (Berlese, 1910)
 * Geholaspis aeneus Krauss, 1970
 * Geholaspis alpina (Berlese, 1887)
 * Geholaspis asper Valle, 1953
 * Geholaspis berlesei Valle, 1953
 * Geholaspis bianchii Valle & Mazzoleni, 1967
 * Geholaspis comelicensis Lombardini, 1962
 * Geholaspis foroliviensis Lombardini, 1943
 * Geholaspis hortorum (Berlese, 1904)
 * Geholaspis ilvana Valle & Mazzoleni, 1967
 * Geholaspis lagrecai Valle, 1963
 * Geholaspis longispinosa (Kramer, 1876)
 * Geholaspis longula (Berlese, 1882)
 * Geholaspis mandibularis (Berlese, 1904)
 * Geholaspis pauperior (Berlese, 1918)
 * Glyptholaspis americana (Berlese, 1888)
 * Glyptholaspis asperrima (Berlese, 1905)
 * Glyptholaspis baichengensis Ma, 1997
 * Glyptholaspis cariasoi de-Jesus & Rueda, 1990
 * Glyptholaspis confusa (Foà, 1900)
 * Glyptholaspis filipponii Roy, 1988
 * Glyptholaspis fimicola (Sellnick, 1931)
 * Glyptholaspis indica Roy, 1988
 * Glyptholaspis orientalis Iavorschi, 1980
 * Glyptholaspis pontina Filipponi & Pegazzano, 1960
 * Glyptholaspis thorri van-Driel, Loots & Marais, 1977
 * Glyptholaspis wuhouyongi Ma, 1997
 * Gonatothrix carinata G. W. Krantz, 1988
 * Holocelaeno mitis Berlese, 1910
 * Holostaspella ateucha Halliday, 1988
 * Holostaspella bifoliata (Trägårdh, 1952)
 * Holostaspella caelata Berlese, 1910
 * Holostaspella congoensis (van Driel & Loots, 1975)
 * Holostaspella crenulata Krantz, 1967
 * Holostaspella exornata Filipponi & Pegazzano, 1967
 * Holostaspella foai Berlese, 1910
 * Holostaspella halawanyii Ibrahim, 1992
 * Holostaspella krantzi Roy, 1988
 * Holostaspella macula Karg, 1979
 * Holostaspella moderata Berlese, 1920
 * Holostaspella orientalis Roy, 1988
 * Holostaspella scatophila Takaku, 1994
 * Holostaspella sculpta Berlese, 1903
 * Holostaspella similiornata Roy, 1988
 * Holostaspella tropicalis Roy, 1991
 * Holostaspella tuberilinea (Karg, 1994)
 * Lordocheles desaegeri Krantz, 1961
 * See Macrocheles
 * Neoholaspis coprophilus Türk, 1948
 * Neopodocinum caputmedusae (Berlese, 1908)
 * Neopodocinum dehongense Li & Chang, 1979
 * Neopodocinum galfyi Samsinak & Daniel, 1978
 * Neopodocinum gigantum Gu & Li, 1987
 * Neopodocinum halimunensis Hartini & Takaku, 2003
 * Neopodocinum jaspersi Oudemans, 1902
 * Neopodocinum magna Krantz, 1965
 * Neopodocinum maius Berlese, 1911
 * Neopodocinum petrovae Davydova, 1979
 * Neopodocinum sinicum Li & Gu, 1987
 * Neopodocinum spinirostris (Berlese, 1910)
 * Neopodocinum subjaspersi Hartini & Takaku, 2003
 * Neopodocinum vanderhammeni Krantz, 1965
 * Neopodocinum wainsteini Arutunian, 1993
 * Neopodocinum yunnanense Li & Gu, 1987
 * Nothrholaspis tridentatus (G.& R. Canestrini, 1882)
 * Proholaspina micrarhena (Berlese, 1916)
 * Synaphasis congoensis Krantz, 1961
 * Tigonholaspis saiti Vitzthum, 1930
 * Tricholaspis marginipilis Evans, 1956
 * Tricholocelaeno longicoma (Berlese, 1910)
 * Trigonholaspis trigonarum (Vitzthum, 1930)
 * Venatiolaspis pilosus van Driel & Loots, 1975