Mannlicher M1888

Within military 8 mm firearms, the Repeating Rifle Mannlicher 1888, better known as the Mannlicher M1888, was a bolt-action rifle used by several armies from 1888 to 1945. Derived from the M1885 and later M1886 models, it was Ferdinand Mannlicher's third rifle that utilized the "en bloc clip".

It was succeeded by the Mannlicher M1895 as the standard service rifle of the Austro-Hungarian Army. The M95 uses a more secure rotating-bolt, in contrast to the M88's wedge-lock bolt.

History
The M1888 was a direct and immediate descendant of the M1886 Austrian Mannlicher. This rifle too was a straight-pull, bolt-action, box magazine repeater. As early as the beginning of production of the M1886 the need and desirability for a small-bore rifle was evident. This rifle is virtually identical to its predecessor but for chambering a newly designed 8 mm cartridge, loaded originally with black powder and denominated 8×52mmR.

M1888-90 rifle
Shortly thereafter, the M88 cartridge was converted to semi-smokeless powder. The new cartridge was designated 8mm M.1890 scharfe Patrone and its dimensions were 8×50mmR. The sights of existing black powder 8mm Mannlicher rifles were converted to accommodate semi-smokeless ammunition by the functional arrangement of screw mounting re-graduated sideplates onto the outsides of the existing rear sight walls. The converted rifles were denominated M.88–90.

M1890 rifle
When in 1890 semi-smokeless powder became available, manufacture of rifles with a longer and thus stronger chamber and modified sights began. Although the smokeless powder filled M.93 8×50mmR cartridge can be used in this rifle, the generated pressure at 40,000 psi (275.8 MPa) is marginal, as the wedge-lock bolt system this rifle uses was originally designed to be shot with less-potent black powder filled with 11×58mmR ammunition.

Kuaili 1888 Kiangnan Rifle 7.62x55
China also used this rifle extensively during the Qing dynasty and the Republican era. China first bought Mannlicher 88 rifles before the First Sino-Japanese War in 1894–1895 and after that started production of the unlicensed Kuaili 1888 Kiangnan copy.

Users

 * Austria-Hungary
 * [[Image:Flag of Austria.svg|23px]] First Austrian Republic
 * Afrikaner Vryheidsvlag.svg Boers
 * Kingdom of Bulgaria
 * undefined
 * 🇧🇷 Brazil: Both sides during the Federalist Revolution.
 * Flag of the Republic of China (1912-1928).svg Republic of China (1912–28)
 * 🇨🇱 Chile
 * Czechoslovakia
 * Flag of the Sudets (without CoA).Svg Sudeten German Party
 * 🇪🇨 Ecuador
 * Ethiopian Empire: Some M88/90s would be cut-down to carbine length. These are functionally identical to standard M88/90s.
 * Nazi Germany: Used by Volkssturm.
 * Kingdom of Greece: Captured from Bulgaria during the Second Balkan War and at the end of World War I.
 * Haganah Symbol.svg   Haganah
 * Kingdom of Hungary (1920–46)
 * 🇮🇳 India
 * Kingdom of Italy
 * undefined
 * 🇵🇭 Philippines
 * Second Polish Republic
 * Flag of Romania.svg Kingdom of Romania: Before Second Balkan War Romania bought circa 60.000 Mannlicher M.90 and M.95. During World War I a number of M.88-90 and M.90 Mannlichers were captured from Bulgarian and Austria-Hungarian forces. Others were provided as reparations after the war. They were still in use during World War II
 * Russian Empire
 * Flag of Russian SFSR (1918-1937).svg Soviet Russia
 * Kingdom of Serbia
 * Flag of Thailand 1855.svg Kingdom of Siam : According to Steyr sales records, 15,000 M1888 rifles were furnished to Siam, most in the 1890s. Some may have been used items, sold from Austrian military stocks.
 * 🇪🇸 Spain
 * Flag of Spain (1931 - 1939).svg Second Spanish Republic
 * 🇬🇧 United Kingdom : Captured in Ethiopia, used by African or Indian troops in Garrison/Guard duties in Abyssinia in the 1941-42 period, and then ended up (along with all the rest of the captured Equipment) in India, the more modern rifles (M95s and Carcanos) and MGs, going to front line training ( Burma Front) and the rest (like M88) to straight training units and guard duty in the boonies of India.
 * Kingdom of Yugoslavia