Maryland Child Victims Act

The Maryland Child Victims Act is a law in the U.S. state of Maryland passed by the Maryland General Assembly during the 445th legislative session in 2023 and signed into law by Governor Wes Moore. It retroactively and prospectively repeals the statute of limitations on child sexual abuse lawsuits and raises the liability limits for a single plaintiff to $1.5 million for claims against private institutions. Its first version was introduced by former Democratic state senator James Brochin in 2007. Iterations of the proposal were put forth during the 425th, 435th, 436th, 437th, 439th, 441st, 442nd, and 445th legislative sessions.

Background
Legislative efforts to reform Maryland's statute of limitations for sexual abuse lawsuits started in 2015, and saw some success with the passing of a 2017 bill expanding the statute of limitations to until the victim turns 38 years old, but were largely limited by lobbying efforts by the Maryland Catholic Conference—a Catholic Church lobbying organization representing the Archdiocese of Baltimore, Archdiocese of Washington, and the Diocese of Wilmington. According to lobbying records analyzed by The Baltimore Banner, the dioceses have spent more than $1 million on lobbying efforts to disrupt these efforts since 2017, including $200,000 toward hiring former lawmakers and government officials (most notably Robert Zirkin and former Martin O'Malley spokesperson Rick Abbruzzese) as lobbyists.

In February 2019, following the Pennsylvania Attorney General's release of the report into the grand jury investigation of Catholic Church sexual abuse in Pennsylvania, Maryland Attorney General Brian Frosh reportedly hired Elizabeth Embry, the former chief of the attorney general's criminal division, to lead a probe of sex abuse in the Archdiocese of Baltimore. Archbishop William E. Lori confirmed in September 2018 that the archdiocese was under investigation by the state and said that it had given the attorney general more than 50,000 pages of internal documents dating back to 1965. The Office of the Attorney General concluded its investigation on November 17, 2022, and later released a 456-page report identifying 600 victims of sexual abuse and accusing 158 Catholic priests, including 43 that were previously never publicly identified by the Archdiocese, of sexual abuse.

Impact
Law firms and attorneys began advertising services to abuse survivors shortly after the bill was signed into law. Lawsuits against the archdiocese as well as Maryland's juvenile justice system and school system were filed days after the Child Victims Act went into effect on October 1, 2023.

Archdiocese of Baltimore bankruptcy
The Archdiocese of Baltimore filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy on September 29, 2023, citing the Child Victims Act and the "great number of lawsuits" that were expected to be filed against the archdiocese after the bill went into effect on October 1. The bankruptcy filing was protested by church abuse victims, as bankruptcy proceedings automatically stopped civil proceedings against the archdiocese until an agreement is reached between church representatives and plaintiffs' attorneys. Lawyers for the archdiocese said that parishes and schools would contribute funds to a larger settlement for sexual abuse survivors.

In December 2023, U.S. Bankruptcy Court Judge Michelle M. Harner ruled that child sexual abuse survivors could submit claims against the archdiocese in bankruptcy court. More than 700 claims were filed against the archdiocese ahead of the May 31, 2024 deadline. Archbishop William E. Lori attended bankruptcy hearings on May 20, 2024, to listen to victims testify about the sexual abuse committed by Catholic clergy.

Legal challenges
In November 2023, the Archdiocese of Washington filed a lawsuit challenging the Child Victims Act, arguing that the law violated the statute of repose provision in the 2017 bill. Attorneys representing multiple victims of child sexual abuse from members of the Catholic clergy from the Washington archdiocese defended the law by arguing that the archdiocese's lawyers had misinterpreted prior precedents set by the Maryland Supreme Court on the legislature's ability to modify the statute of limitations. Maryland Attorney General Anthony Brown also defended the law in court, arguing that the court siding with the archdiocese "would be unprecedented and would go against the consensus of federal law and the reasoned opinions of many other states." Prince George's County Circuit Court Judge Robin D. Gill ruled that the Maryland Child Victims Act was constitutional on March 6, 2024. On April 1, Montgomery County Circuit Court Judge Jeannie E. Cho ruled that the law was unconstitutional, finding that it violated the Maryland Declaration of Rights; the ruling was appealed to the Maryland Supreme Court, who agreed to hear the case on May 7, 2024, later setting arguments for September 10.

423rd session (2007)
The 2007 bill was introduced by state senator James Brochin of Baltimore County on February 2, 2008. It was rejected by the Senate Judicial Proceedings Committee amid lobbying from the Maryland Catholic Conference.

425th session (2008)
The 2008 bill was introduced by state delegate Eric M. Bromwell of Baltimore County on February 6, 2008. Bromwell faced pushback from his alma mater, Calvert Hall College High School, whose president wrote school supporters that the bill could cause a "severe, perhaps fatal, decline in enrollment" by allowing for lawsuits against the school by former students who allege that they had been molested by two former priests who had taught at the school and had sexually harassed at least 14 victims, which led opponents, including Bromwell's grandmother, to overwhelm Bromwell's office with calls in opposition of the bill that caused Bromwell to withdraw the bill.

435th session (2015)
The 2015 bill was introduced by state delegate C. T. Wilson of Charles County on February 26, 2015. It was referred to the House Rules and Executive Nominations Committee, but never received a hearing. During hearings on a similar bill introduced by state delegate Aruna Miller that would extend the statute of limitations on child sexual abuse lawsuits, Wilson testified to lawmakers about how he had been repeatedly raped and beaten by his adoptive father between ages 9 and 15, but never brought charges against his father and said that he had not realized he was a victim until he was 40 years old.

436th session (2016)
The 2016 bill was introduced by state senator Ronald N. Young of Frederick County on December 16, 2015, and by delegate Wilson on February 11, 2016. The bill did not advance out of the Judiciary Committee in either chamber following lobbying from the Maryland Catholic Conference.

437th session (2017)
The 2017 bill was introduced by Wilson on February 1, 2017. Following negotiations with the Maryland Catholic Conference and Judiciary Committee chair Joseph F. Vallario Jr., the bill was amended to extend the statute of limitations for child sexual abuse lawsuits until the victim turns 38 years old, but would make it more difficult for victims over 25 years old to win damages in civil lawsuits by requiring victims to prove negligence. The amended bill unanimously passed both chambers and was signed into law by Governor Larry Hogan on April 4, 2017.

The amended bill also included a statute of repose provision that forbade the state from raising the maximum age above 38. The provision was not intended to be a part of the bill and was not noticed until 2019, when state delegate Kathleen Dumais cited it while introducing an amendment to repeal the look back window provision from the Hidden Predator Act of 2019. It is not known who added the statute of repose provision to the bill, but Wilson attributes it to John Stierhoff, a Venable LLP lawyer who worked as a lobbyist for the Maryland Catholic Conference and was involved with negotiations on the amended bill. Dumais' amendment would spark a debate among legislators on whether it would be constitutional to repeal the statute of repose.

439th session (2019)
The 2019 bill, named the "Hidden Predator Act", was introduced by Wilson on February 7, 2019. The bill would have repealed the statute of limitations and created a two-year look-back window for child sexual abuse victims who were unable to sue because of the statute of limitations.

The bill passed the Maryland House of Delegates by a vote of 135–3 on March 18, 2019. The bill then moved to the Senate Judiciary Committee, where it faced bipartisan opposition from senators, including Michael Hough and Jill P. Carter; the bill died in the Judiciary Committee after receiving a deadlocked 5–5 vote to advance it. Shortly after this, the House Judiciary Committee amended Republican state senator Justin Ready's "Laura and Reid's Law" to extend the statute of limitations for child sexual abuse lawsuits until the victim turns 58 years old; however, this amendment was removed by conference committee before the bill was signed into law by Governor Larry Hogan. In February 2023, Maryland Attorney General Anthony Brown wrote in an advice letter that the Maryland General Assembly could amend the state's statute of repose to make exceptions for sexual abuse cases as the legislature had previously done for asbestos cases.

441st session (2020)
The 2020 bill, again named the "Hidden Predator Act", was introduced by Wilson on February 5, 2020. The bill unanimously passed the House of Delegates, but never received a hearing in the Senate as the 2020 legislative session was cut short due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

442nd session (2021)
The 2021 bill was introduced by delegate Wilson and state senator Shelly Hettleman of Baltimore County on September 30, 2020. During the hearing on the bill in February 2021, former Senate Judicial Proceedings chair Robert Zirkin (who had resigned before the start of the 2021 legislative session and soon after became a lobbyist for the Maryland Catholic Conference) testified against the bill, saying that Wilson and fellow negotiators made a deal with the Catholic Church to prevent legislators from further adjusting the statute of limitations on child sex abuse cases in Maryland, which prompted the bill's opponents in the legislature to criticize Wilson and question his integrity. Wilson withdrew the bill on March 16, 2021, saying that he believed removing his name from the bill would give it a better chance of passing that year.

445th session (2023)
The 2023 bill was introduced by Wilson on November 16, 2022, and by state senator William C. Smith Jr. of Montgomery County on February 6, 2023. Although the Maryland Catholic Conference announced that it would support legislation to eliminate the statute of limitation on future cases of child sexual abuse, the lobbying organization said that it would continue to oppose bills providing a two-year "look back window" for survivors to file lawsuits alleging past abuse. The Child Victims Act contained such a provision and thus the organization was opposed to its passage. According to lobbying records analyzed by The Baltimore Sun, the Maryland Catholic Conference spent $209,939 lobbying against the Child Victims Act from November 2022 to early May 2023.

Advocates were more optimistic at the chances of the Child Victims Act becoming law this time around, as two of its biggest opponents—Robert Cassilly and Michael Hough—were no longer members of the Maryland General Assembly. The bill gained additional momentum from the Attorney General's report on child sexual abuse in the archdiocese, the Attorney General's Office changing its position on the constitutionality of the bill, and the 2021 appointment of Will Smith as the chair of the Senate Judicial Proceedings Committee. Maryland Governor Wes Moore endorsed the Child Victims Act on March 3, 2023.

House passage
The Child Victims Act was heard in the House Judicial Proceedings Committee on March 2, 2023, and advanced to the House floor in a unanimous vote on March 29. It was heard on the House floor the following day, during which no attempts were made to amend the bill. Although Republican state delegates continued to express concerns about the constitutionality of the bill, the House of Delegates voted 132–2 to pass the Child Victims Act on March 31, 2023, with William Valentine and William J. Wivell being the only delegates to vote against it.

Senate passage
On January 20, 2023, William C. Smith Jr. announced that the Senate Judicial Proceedings Committee review child sexual abuse laws in Maryland. The Judicial Proceedings Committee voted 10–1 to advance the bill to the Senate floor on March 10, with only Republican state senator Chris West voting against it. West led opposition against the bill, which he believed was unconstitutional and would be overturned by the Maryland Supreme Court. The bill was heard on the Senate floor on May 14, during which state senator Justin Ready introduced multiple amendments over concerns that state courts would exempt private companies, but not the state government, from paying settlements; all amendments were rejected in near party-line votes.

On March 17, 2023, the Maryland Senate voted 42–5 to pass the Child Victims Act. The House crossfile version of the bill received a 42–4 vote on April 7, 2023. Voting against the bill were West, Ready, Jack Bailey, Mary Beth Carozza, and Johnny Ray Salling.

Signing into law
On April 11, 2023, Governor Wes Moore signed the Child Victims Act into law in his first bill signing ceremony as governor. Wilson spoke at the event, where he thanked House Speaker Adrienne A. Jones and House Judicial Proceedings Committee chair Luke Clippinger for helping get the bill passed and adding that he "never thought God would let me see this moment."