Microsphaeropsis olivacea

Microsphaeropsis olivacea is a fungal species belonging to the family Didymosphaeriaceae. It is recognized for its diverse ecological roles, ranging from saprobic activities on dead organic matter to pathogenic interactions with various hosts, including plants and occasionally humans.

Etymology
The genus name Microsphaeropsis comes from the Greek 'micros', meaning small, and 'sphaera', meaning sphere. This naming reflects the small, spherical shape of the microscopic features that are characteristic of this genus. The species name olivacea comes from Latin, meaning olive-colored, which describes the typical appearance of the fungus. Additionally, this fungus has been associated with olive leaf die back, among many other endophytic ascomycetes whose earliest records have origin in the Mediterranean, where olive trees, Olea europaea, are abundant.

Taxonomy & history
Microsphaeropsis was first described by Höhnel in 1917, with M. olivacea (Bonord.) Höhn. designated as the type species. This genus is characterized by pycnidia that are either immersed or erumpent, subglobose in shape, and occur either singly or in clusters. These pycnidia have ostioles and are composed of a wall made of angular cells. The conidiogenous cells within are phialidic, hyaline, and shaped like ampullae, dolia, or slightly cylindrical structures. The conidia are thin-walled, smooth or finely roughened, and may possess zero to one septa. Hönel described this species in 1917 from the former, Coniothyrium olivaceum, described by Bonord in 1869. M. olivacea remains as the officially recognized name, with molecular studies confirming its phylogenetic placement.

Description
Microsphaeropsis olivacea produces small, dark-colored fruiting bodies known as pycnidia. These pycnidia harbor conidia—hyaline, asexual spores—that are instrumental in the dispersal of the fungus. These spores are primarily dispersed through water and air currents. M. olivacea is without notable diagnostic macro morphological features. Microsphaeropsis fungi are referred to as coniothyrium-like fungi, often being distinguished from other coelomycetes (a form-class of fungi), via their respective host symbionts. The type specimen of this species is held at the Kew Botanical Garden's Fungarium.

Distribution
Microsphaeropsis olivacea is a ubiquitous species with a wide variety of habitats and symbionts. The species has a worldwide distribution, with frequent occurrences in environmental samples.

Habitat and ecology
This species is adaptable to both terrestrial and aquatic environments. On land, it predominantly affects woody plants, causing diseases such as dieback and cankers, notably in agricultural settings. In aquatic environments, M. olivacea has been isolated from a marine sponge, an indication of its diversity of hosts, whether terrestrial or aquatic.

Pathogenicity
In terrestrial environments, M. olivacea poses a significant threat to agricultural productivity by infecting crops and causing woody plant diseases, leading to economic impacts. The species has also been identified as a pathogen in humans, causing skin infections. This ability to infect humans suggests potential for medical relevance, particularly in dermatology.

Research
Research on M. olivacea includes studies on its molecular identification and pathogenic mechanisms.Additionally, biochemical investigations have identified secondary metabolites such as cerebrosides, which may play roles in the fungus's survival and pathogenicity.