Mona and Monito Islands Nature Reserve

Mona and Monito Islands Nature Reserve (Spanish: Reserva Natural Islas Mona y Monito) consists of two islands, Mona and Monito, in the Mona Passage off western Puerto Rico in the Caribbean. Mona and Monito Islands Nature Reserve encompasses both land and marine area, and with an area of 38,893 acres it is the largest protected natural area in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico (El Yunque National Forest, with 28,434 acres, is the largest in the main island of Puerto Rico). Much like the Galapagos Islands in the Pacific Ocean, the Mona and Monito Islands reserve represents a living laboratory for archaeological, biological, geological, oceanographical and wildlife management research.

Overview
Mona is the third largest island in the archipelago of Puerto Rico and the largest in the Mona Passage. It has an area of 22 mi2 and is located 41 mi from the main island of Puerto Rico, and 38 mi east of the Dominican Republic. Monito, less than a mile across (147 km2), is smaller and located 3.20 mi northwest off Mona. Although both islands are uninhabited (only researchers and DRNA personnel live on Mona), both form part of barrio Isla de Mona e Islote Monito of the municipality of Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.

Due to the island's historical and natural significance there has been interest in seeking world heritage status for Mona as a UNESCO World Heritage Site by the Puerto Rican government. The name Mona originates from Amona, the original Taíno name for the island.

History
The island of Mona was inhabited by the Taíno people in the Pre-Columbian era and it contains several archaeological and petroglyph sites, most of them in the limestone caves of the island. The caves also contain graffiti from the Spanish colonial and piracy times. Mona, along with Puerto Rico, Vieques and Culebra, were ceded to United States from Spain in 1898 under the Treaty of Paris. On December 22, 1919, the island was declared an "Insular Forest of Puerto Rico", under the auspices of the U.S. Forest Law No. 22. The Mona Island Lighthouse, dating from 1900, was listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places as Faro de la Isla de la Mona in 1981, and the whole island was added to the NRHP in 1993. Guano mining was the primary industry of Mona for most of its history. The ruins and remnants of the guano mining infrastructure can still be seen today.

Mona and Monito Islands were first designated a U.S. National Natural Landmark in 1975 due to the islands' unusual limestone sea caves and natural history. The site of the National Natural Landmark site includes 14,037 acres out of the 38,893 total acres in the nature reserve. The island of Mona and its surrounding waters were designated a critical habitat in 1977 and 1982 for the yellow-shouldered blackbird (Agelaius xanthomus), the Mona Island boa (Chilabothrus monensis) and the Mona ground iguana (Cyclura stejnegeri). It was designated a nature reserve in 1986, and BirdLife International and the Puerto Rican Ornithological Society recognized it as an Important Bird Area in 2004.

Ecology
Mona and Monito are home to a number of unique animal and plant species found nowhere else in the world. This reserve represents one of the last remaining large tracts of Puerto Rican dry forest along with the Guánica State Forest and the Caja de Muertos Nature Reserve. This type of biome is considered critically endangered.

Flora
Mona is home to the largest population of the rare and Critically Endangered Puerto Rico applecactus or higo chumbo (Harrisia portoricensis). This species of cactus is only found on the islands of the Mona Passage (59,000 individuals in Mona, 148 in Monito and 9 in Desecheo), although it has been recently introduced to the island of Caja de Muertos off southern Puerto Rico by the Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources as part of a conservation project due to that island's geographical and ecological similarities with Mona and Monito. This cactus is locally known as higo chumbo, meaning "weighed-down prickly pear", due to the leaning cactus arms caused by the weight of their fruit.

Fauna
The Mona ground iguana (Cyclura stejnegeri) is the largest native land animal, not only in Mona but in the whole archipelago of Puerto Rico, 1.22 m in length. It is critically endangered with an estimated population of 1,500 and only found in the island of Mona. Its numbers have greatly decreased due to the presence of invasive species such as cats which predate on the young, and boar which threaten their nesting sites. Although it inhabits the whole island it only nests in a small region in the southwestern coast as it is the only suitable nesting area with loose sand and direct sunlight. They are primarily herbivorous with a diet consisting of leaves, flowers, berries, and fruits from different plant species.

Mona represents the largest nesting site for hawksbill sea turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) in the Caribbean. Other endemic fauna in the reserve includes yellow-shouldered blackbirds (Agelaius xanthomus), Mona least geckos (Sphaerodactylus monensis), the Mona ameiva (Ameiva alboguttata), the Mona anole (Anolis monensis), the Mona worm snake (Antillotyphlops monensis), the Mona boa (Chilabothrus monensis), and the Mona coqui (Eleutherodactylus monensis).

Monito is home to the Monito gecko (Sphaerodactylus micropithecus) an endemic lizard which was placed in the endangered species list on October 15, 1982, by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service.

Extinct species
Mona used to be home to the Puerto Rican amazon (Amazona vittata), now only found in small communities in the main island of Puerto Rico, and the Puerto Rican parakeet (Psittacara maugei), an extinct species of parrot that was found in the island until its extinction during the first half of the 20th century.

Recreation
Visits are allowed in Mona through previously obtained permits, which allows visitors to camp, hike, fish and hunt invasive species such as boar. The most common form of transportation is by private yacht, though commercial excursions are available from Cabo Rojo for small groups.