Monascus purpureus

Monascus purpureus (syn. M. albidus, M. anka, M. araneosus, M. major, M. rubiginosus, and M. vini;, lit. "red yeast") is a species of mold that is purplish-red in color. It is also known by the names ang-khak rice mold, corn silage mold, maize silage mold, and rice kernel discoloration.

Taxonomy and morphology
The sexual state of M. purpureus is a cleistothecium with a two-layered wall, enclosing round, evanescent eight-spored asci, lifted above the substrate on a multihyphal stalk. Ascospores can be heat-resistant. The asexual state forms chains of hyaline, or brownish, chlamydospore-like cells.

Physiology and metabolites
During growth, Monascus spp. breaks down starch substrate into several metabolites, including pigments produced as secondary metabolites. The structure of pigments depends on the type of substrate, and other specific factors during culture, such as acidity or basicity (pH), temperature, and moisture content.

However, discoveries of cholesterol-lowering statins produced by the mold has prompted research into its possible medical uses. It produces a number of statins. The naturally occurring lovastatins and analogs are called monacolins K, L, J, and also occur in their hydroxyl acid forms, along with dehydroxymonacolin and compactin (mevastatin). The prescription drug Lovastatin, identical to monacolin K, is the principal statin produced by M. purpureus. Only the open-ring (hydroxy acid) form is pharmacologically-active, but it is not produced on a commercial scale.

The mycotoxin citrinin is carefully monitored when Monascus is used in fermented foods. Industrial use of soluble red pigments, and for use as food dye, was discontinued in the US and Europe because of associated risks.

Importance
Monascus purpureus has been used for over a thousand years in oriental fermented foods, including red kōji-kin, red yeast rice or ank-kak, rice wine, kaoliang brandy, and as the coloring agent for Peking duck.

Commercial species
The related fungi M. ruber and M. pilosus are also used in industrial applications. Monascus ruber is also a common food spoilage organism; most strains produce a brown pigment.