Museo de América

The Museo de América is an art, archaeology, and ethnography museum in Madrid, Spain, devoted to the whole of the Americas from the Paleolithic period to the present day. It is one of the National Museums of Spain and it is attached to the Ministry of Culture.

The museum was established by the Spanish State and its initial pieces came from the former collection of American archaeological and ethnographic artifacts from the National Archaeological Museum, Madrid and the Prado Museum, as well as exhibiting a number of unrelated donations, deposits and purchases. It has a major collection of 18th c. casta paintings, one by Miguel Cabrera, who created a set of 16 large format casta paintings. The museum's most famous painting is by Mexican artist, Luis de Mena, of the Virgin of Guadalupe and castas on a single canvas. Sarah Cline, “Guadalupe and the Castas: The Power of a Singular Colonial Mexican Painting.” Mexican Studies/Esudios Mexicanos Vol. 31, Issue 2, Summer 2015, pages 218-46.;;;; Elena Isabel Estrada de Gerlero,"The Representation of ‘Heathen Indians’ in Mexican Casta Painting." In New World Orders, edited by Ilona Katzew. NY: Americas Society, 1996, 50.; María Concepción García Sáiz. Las castas mexicanas: un género pictórico americano. Milan: Olivetti, 1989, set III; 66–67; Ilona Katzew, Casta Paintings: Images of Race in Eighteenth-CenturyMexico. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004, 194–195; María Elena Martínez, Genealogical Fictions: Limpieza de Sangre, Religion, and Gender in Colonial Mexico. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2008, dust cover; 257; Cruz Martínez de la Torre and María Paz Cabello Caro. Museo de América, exhibition catalogue. Madrid: IberCaja/Marot, 1997, 130; Jeanette Favrot Peterson, Visualizing Guadalupe: From Black Madonna to Queen of the Americas. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2014, 256–257; Nina M. Scott, "Measuring Ingredients: Food and Domesticity in Mexican Casta Paintings." Gastronomica 5, no. 11 (2005): 70–79.

History
The Museo de América was founded in 1941, bringing together works that were in other repositories. Unfortunately, a fire at the Alcázar of Madrid in 1734 destroyed the American collections that the kings of Spain had been building, which included the pieces offered to the Crown by the conquistadors. There is evidence that only a small number of items were saved because they were found elsewhere, such as the codices and feather miters that are preserved in the Monastery of El Escorial and some Mexican codices that were in the Royal Library, now the National Library of Spain. Because of the fire and only scattered items from the early colonial era, the oldest collections in the Museum are those from the Royal Cabinet of Natural History, established by Charles III in 1771. These came largely from the donation of the collection that Pedro Franco Dávila had assembled during his stay of more than fourteen years in Paris. In order to increase the collection, this institution issued instructions to the territories of Spanish America for the collection and submission of representative works. These included items from the first archaeological excavations carried out in Spanish America. Ethnographic materials obtained in scientific and discovery expeditions were also incorporated into the Royal Cabinet.

In 1868 the collections of antiquities, art and ethnography of the Royal Cabinet (which in 1815 had been dissolved and integrated, along with other institutions, into the new Royal Museum of Natural Sciences of Madrid, a direct predecessor of the current National Museum of Natural Sciences) were transferred to the National Archaeological Museum, created the previous year, to which were added those of the Museum of Medals and Antiquities of the National Library, which had some American items, those of the Escuela Superior Diplomática and those of the Royal Academy of History. From the Archaeological Museum, in turn, those of American origin (until then in Section IV or Ethnography) would be separated by the Decree of creation of the Museum of America, of April 19, 1941. The decree stated that "The initial collection will consist of the collections of American Ethnography and Archaeology existing in the National Archaeological Museum, with their books, display cases and furniture". Although the founding decree did not mention them, the collections of the Philippines and Oceania were also incorporated in the new museum, as well as a small African collection and about a hundred Sámi objects that had been donated to the MAN in 1896 by the Swedish engineer Åke Sjögren.

Once the new museum was created, the collection was provisionally installed in a wing of the main floor of the National Archeological Museum, and was inaugurated on July 13, 1944. There were only eleven rooms, seven dedicated to pre-Columbian collections and the other four to colonial-era collections. In 1962 the move to its final location began, in the Ciudad Universitaria. It was officially inaugurated three years later in 1965. The initial holdings were later moved to a newly built premises and the building was inaugurated on 12 October 1965. After a series of renovations of the building, which was previously shared with a number of unrelated institutions, The Museum was closed between 1981 and 1994 due to renovation work. the museum was reopened on 12 October 1994, this time exclusively occupying the entire building. As part of preparation for the re-opening, a collecting program was established, with artifacts from Spain's first Caribbean settlement on Hispaniola (modern Haiti and the Dominican Republic) found by anthropologist Soraya Aracena. It is classified as an Asset of Cultural Interest with the category of monument by virtue of Decree 474/1962, of 1 March (Boletín Oficial del Estado of 9 March), by which certain museums were declared historic-artistic monuments.

Collection
The permanent exhibit is divided into five major thematic areas:
 * An awareness of the Americas
 * The reality of the Americas
 * Society
 * Religion
 * Communication