Neglected and underutilized crop

Neglected and under-utilised crops are domesticated plant species used for food, medicine, trading, or cultural practices significant within their local communities but not widely commodified or studied as part of mainstream agriculture. Such crops may be in declining production. They are considered under-utilised in scientific inquiry for their perceived potential to contribute to knowledge regarding nutrition, food security, genetic resistance, or sustainability. Other terms to describe such crops include minor, orphan, underused, local, traditional, alternative, minor, niche, or underdeveloped.



Overview
Three crops, maize, wheat, and rice, account for approximately 50% of the world's consumption of calories and protein, and about 95% of the world's food needs are provided by just 30 species of plants. Despite this, the list of crop species compiled as edible extends to around 12,650. Among these are neglected and under-utilised plants that in many cases have been used for food and other uses on a larger scale historically.

Reduction in use is partially due to supply or consumption constraints, poor shelf life, unrecognised nutritional value, poor consumer awareness, and perception as famine food ("poor people's food"), which is partially due to the modernisation of agricultural practices. Some crops experienced genetic erosion of their gene pool due to this neglect, which resulted in them becoming regarded as lost crops.

As the demand for plant and crop attributes changes (reappraisal or discovery of nutritional traits, culinary value, adaptation to climate change, etc.), some previously neglected crops, such as oil palm, soybean, and kiwifruit, have overcome such constraints via more large-scale production and use, becoming regarded as globally significant crops. Alongside their commercial potential, many underused crops such as sorghum provide essential environmental services as they have adapted to marginal soil and climate conditions.

Under-utilised crops continue to play a vital role in the subsistence and economy of people in low and middle-income countries, particularly in the agro-biodiversity rich tropics. For example, chirimoya and bambara crops produced in Colombia and Mozambique respectively, aid the local population in food security, allowing them physical and economic access to sufficient food for meeting their dietary needs, even during a famine.

Definition
There is no consensus on what defines an under-utilised crop, but they often display the following attributes:
 * Linkage with the cultural heritage of their places of origin
 * Local and traditional crops whose distribution, biology, cultivation and uses are poorly documented
 * Adaptation to specific agroecological niches and marginal land
 * Weak or no formal seed supply systems
 * Traditional uses in localized areas
 * Produced in traditional production systems with little or no external inputs
 * Receive little attention from research, extension services, policy and decision-makers, and consumers
 * May be highly nutritious and/or have medicinal properties or other multiple uses

Neglected crops are primarily grown by traditional farmers. These species may be widely distributed beyond their centers of origin but tend to occupy unique niches in the local production and consumption systems. They are critical for the subsistence of local communities yet remain poorly documented and neglected by mainstream research and development activities. Many staple crops, especially in the developing world, are poorly studied by researchers. For example, the Green Revolution saw massive changes in agricultural productivity in Asia, but African crops saw little benefit.

Examples
Determination of the underutilized status of a crop varies among researchers. Different criteria and approaches are used to define this particular group of crops. Neglect refers to the lack of attention a crop may receive through research and development and can be evaluated by how well national and international policy or legal frameworks and research and development programs can support the conservation and sustainable use of a crop. Under-utilisation is particular to the geography and potential for a crop to contribute to better diets and production systems. In cases where exotic or diversified species are under-utilised in a particular region, these may not necessarily be under-utilised in other parts of the world. Below is a non-exhaustive list of neglected and under-utilised species.

It is important to recognise the potential negative impact on communities that historically use so-called under-utilised crops. As these crops come under international focus, Quinoa in South America as an example saw its price surge by 600%, pushing the coveted grain outside the reach of traditional use communities.

Cereal and pseudocereal crops
• Amaranthus caudatus

• Chenopodium quinoa

• Chenopodium pallidicaule

• Digitaria exilis

• Echinochloa frumentacea

• Echinochloa utilis

• Eleusine coracana

• Eragrostis tef

• Fagopyrum esculentum

• Panicum miliaceum

• Panicum miliare

• Paspalum scrobiculatum

• Pennisetum glaucum

• Setaria italica

• Sorghum bicolor

• Triticale

Fruits and nuts species
• Adansonia digitata

• Aegle marmelos

• Anacardium occidentale

• Annona cherimola

• Annona muricata

• Annona squamosa

• Artocarpus heterophyllus

• Averrhoa carambola

• Bactris gasipaes

• Canarium indicum

• Carissa edulis

• Carya cathayensis

• Casimiroa edulis

• Ceratonia siliqua

• Choerospondias axillaris

• Citrus grandis

• Cornus mas

• Crataegus monogyna

• Cydonia oblonga

• Dimocarpus longan

• Diospyros kaki

• Durio zibethinus

• Elaeagnus angustifolia

• Emblica officinalis

• Eriobotrya japonica

• Ficus carica

• Garcinia mangostana

• Hippophae rhamnoides

• Hovenia dulcis

• Irvingia gabonensis

• Juglans regia

• Lagenaria sphaerica

• Litchi chinensis

• Manilkara zapota

• Nephelium lappaceum

• Passiflora edulis

• Pistacia lentiscus

• Pouteria sapota

• Prunus amygdalus

• Psidium guajava

• Punica granatum

• Ricinodendron heudelotii

• Salacca zalacca

• Tamarindus indica

• Terminalia kaernbachii

• Vaccinium meridionale

• Vitis spp.

• Ziziphus mauritiana

• Asimina triloba

Vegetable and pulse crops
• Adansonia digitata

• Amaranthus spp.

• Artemisia dracunculus

• Basella alba

• Basella rubra

• Borago officinalis

• Boscia coriacea

• Brassica carinata

• Campanula rapunculus

• Canavalia spp.

• Chenopodium album

• Cichorium intybus

• Cleome gynandra

• Corchorus spp.

• Crambe cordifolia

• Crotalaria spp.

• Curcuma spp.

• Cucurbita spp.

• Hibiscus sabdariffa

• Ipomoea aquatica

• Kerstingiella geocarpa

• Lablab purpureus

• Lathyrus spp.

• Leucaena leucocephala

• Lupinus mutabilis

• Macrotyloma uniflorum

• Momordica spp.

• Moringa oleifera

• Mucuna spp.

• Muscari comosum

• Opuntia spp.

• Parkia biglobosa

• Pastinaca sativa

• Physalis philadelphica

• Phytolacca acinosa

• Portulaca oleracea

• Psophocarpus tetragonolobus

• Rorippa indica

• Salsola kali

• Solanum nigrum

• Sphenostylis stenocarpa

• Talinum triangulare

• Vigna aconitifolia

• Vigna angularis

• Vigna subterranea

• Vigna umbellata

• Voandzeia subterranea

• Gynandropsis gynandria

Root and tuber crops
• Alocasia spp.

• Arracacia xanthorrhiza

• Calathea allouia

• Canna spp.

• Colocasia esculenta

• Dioscorea spp.

• Harpagophytum procumbens

• Oxalis tuberosa

• Pachyrhizus erosus

• Plectranthus esculentus

• Smallanthus sonchifolius

• Solenostemon rotundifolius

• Tylosema esculentum

• Tylosema fassoglense

• Ullucus tuberosus

• Vigna vexillata

• Xanthosoma sagittifolium

Other crops

 * Ensete ventricosum

Oil seeds
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 * Acrocomia aculeata
 * Bactris gasipaes
 * Balanites aegyptiaca
 * Butyrospermum paradoxum
 * Carthamus tinctorius
 * Citrullus colocynthis
 * Cuphea spp.
 * Euphorbia lagascae
 * Jatropha curcas
 * Physaria fendleri
 * Perilla frutescens
 * Ricinodendron rautanenii
 * Ricinus communis
 * Sesamum indicum
 * Simmondsia chinensis
 * Vernonia spp.

Latex/rubber/gums

 * Couma utilis
 * Parthenium argentatum
 * Takhtajaniantha tau-saghyz
 * Taraxacum kok-saghyz

Fibres

 * Hibiscus cannabinus

Starch/sugar

 * Ceratonia siliqua
 * Metroxylon sagu
 * Heracleum (plant)

Dye
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 * Bixa orellana
 * Carthamus tinctorius
 * Hibiscus sabdariffa

International events that fostered underutilized crops

 * 1987 - Establishment of the International Centre for Underutilized Crops (ICUC)
 * 1996 - The FAO Global Plan of Action for Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture emphasized the importance of underutilized crops
 * 1999 - At an international workshop held in Chennai, India, the Consultative Group of International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) recognized the contribution that neglected and underutilized species make to food security, rural incomes and combating poverty
 * 2002 - Establishment of the Global Facilitation Unit of Underutilized Species (GFU) of the Global Forum on Agricultural Research (GFAR), and was housed within Bioversity International, Rome, Italy.
 * 2008 - Establishment of Crops for the Future (CFF) which is a merging of ICUC and GFU, based in Malaysia
 * 2011 - Establishment of Crops for the Future Research Centre (CFFRC) in Malaysia
 * 2012 - The international Crops for the 21st Century seminar held on 10–13 December 2012 in Córdoba, Spain aimed to discuss major topics related to underlining the role of neglected and underutilised species to address food and agriculture challenges in the future.
 * 2013 - Official launch of the International Year of Quinoa (IYQ-2013), intended to increase awareness, understanding and knowledge about quinoa and its importance on food security.
 * 2013 - 3rd International Conference on Neglected and Underutilized Species, Accra, Ghana - to ensure that research on neglected and underutilized species (NUS) is demand-oriented and that results are better shared and applied, researchers, extension agents, the private sector and farmers must engage in more collaboration - in sub-Saharan Africa.