Nellah Massey Bailey

Nellah Izora Massey Bailey ( Massey; June 30, 1893 – March 31, 1956) was an American politician and librarian. She was the first lady of Mississippi from 1944 to 1946 and the Mississippi state tax collector from 1948 to 1956. A member of the Democratic Party, she was the first woman elected to statewide office in Mississippi.

Born in Birmingham, Alabama, Bailey attended library school in Chautauqua, New York, and worked at the public library in Meridian, Mississippi, for thirty years. She married future governor Thomas L. Bailey in 1917. As the first lady of Mississippi, she chaired the Mississippi Joint Recruitment Campaign, a statewide canvass that encouraged women to serve in the United States Armed Forces during World War II.

In 1947, Bailey entered the race for Mississippi state tax collector. She won the Democratic primary and ran unopposed in the general election. She was re-elected in 1951 and 1955, but died three months into her third term after a series of heart attacks.

Early life and education
Nellah Izora Massey was born on June 30, 1893, in Birmingham, Alabama. She was the daughter of Charles Carter Massey, a firefighter with the Birmingham fire department, and Jessie Irene Massey ( Pope). In 1913, she moved to Meridian, Mississippi, when her father became assistant chief of the Meridian fire department. After graduating from Meridian High School, Massey attended library school in Chautauqua, New York before completing an apprenticeship in library work in Birmingham.

Library career, marriage, and family
In 1913, Massey returned to Meridian to start a new position as an assistant librarian at a newly established Carnegie library. The library was one of the two segregated libraries in Meridian that were opened that year with funding from philanthropist Andrew Carnegie. She was promoted to head librarian in 1934 and remained in the position until 1943, shortly before her move to Jackson. She was elected vice president of the Mississippi Library Association in 1936, and was appointed as an assistant liaison librarian to the 4th Corps Area in 1942 by Charles Harvey Brown, the president of the American Library Association.

During this time, Massey was also active in women's service organizations. In 1932, she was elected president of the Meridian Pilot Club, which was a local chapter of Pilot International, an organization similar to Rotary International. She was the president of Pilot International from 1936 to 1937. She was also a charter member of the Business and Professional Women's Clubs in Mississippi, and a member of Delta Kappa Gamma and the Pushtahama chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution. For eight years, she chaired the Lauderdale County chapter of the March of Dimes.

It was during her time as assistant librarian at the Meridian public library that Massey met Thomas Lowry Bailey, an attorney who was on the judging committee for a local word contest. Massey kept the library open after hours each evening so the committee members could consult the encyclopedias and dictionaries. Thomas Bailey began staying later each evening, after the other committee members had left, to help Massey with the building closing procedures; they eventually started dating, and were married on August 22, 1917.

They had a son, Harold Melby Bailey (born 1922 or 1923), who was adopted at two months old, and a daughter, Nellah Pope Bailey (born 1925 or 1926). In 1935, the family's car overturned twice on Mississippi Highway 15; Bailey suffered two fractured ribs and body bruises.

First Lady of Mississippi (1944–1946)
The Baileys moved to the Mississippi Governor's Mansion in Jackson on January 9, 1944, and Nellah Massey Bailey became the first lady of Mississippi when Thomas Bailey took office as governor on January 18, 1944. She remained in the role until Governor Bailey died on November 2, 1946, from surgical complications during a procedure to remove a spinal tumor.

World War II women recruitment initiative
In March 1944, during World War II, Bailey became the state chair of the newly established Mississippi Joint Recruitment Campaign. Sponsored by the Mississippi Office of Civilian Defense, the campaign sought to conduct a statewide house-to-house survey of women who were eligible to serve in the four women's branches of the United States Armed Forces: the Women's Army Corps, the Navy Women's Reserve, the Coast Guard Women's Reserve, and the Marine Corps Women's Reserve. The program's mission was not to conscript eligible women, but rather to provide enlistment information to those interested in joining a branch of service.

Bailey believed that women had a duty to fight in the war, saying: "We leaders of our state must break down the prejudice which exists in Mississippi against women in the service. It is an honor for a young woman to serve her nation in this day of strife." She pushed back against claims that women would become "less feminine" after serving in the Armed Forces, and said that they would gain "poise and character" through their service.

As state chair, Bailey appointed an executive committee, consisting of statewide leaders of civic, fraternal, and service organizations as well as representatives of the women's branches of the Armed Forces, and mayors across the state were directed to form local committees to conduct the canvasses in each community. Initially planned to be a three-week campaign, it received enthusiastic support across the state, and the national women's branches of the Armed Forces extended the time that their representatives would visit communities for further recruitment. Althea O'Hanlon, a field liaison representative for the national Office of Civilian Defense, remarked that "Mississippi has blazed the trail for a new era in the recruitment of women for the various services." The campaign was the first of its kind to be established in any state; Georgia later developed a similar program based on Mississippi's example.

1947 campaign
According to the Clarion-Ledger, many people had expected Bailey to run for statewide office. In January 1947, when the U.S. Senate initially refused to re-seat Mississippi senator Theodore G. Bilbo due to admissions of racist voter suppression and bribery, the Jackson Business and Professional Women's club endorsed Bailey for the potential senatorial interim seat, though Bailey declined to comment on a potential appointment. No appointment was ultimately made when senators reached an agreement that Bilbo would remain under consideration while he underwent treatment for oral cancer.

Incumbent Mississippi state tax collector Carl Craig announced his intention to run for state auditor on February 15, 1947. Bailey qualified for the open race for state tax collector on May 17, 1947; she was the first woman to run for statewide office in Mississippi. She used her late husband's name in her political activities, campaigning as "Mrs. Thomas L. Bailey". At her candidate qualification, Bailey said: "The next four years will see the accomplishment of many of the dreams and programs of Governor Bailey, and it is but natural that I want to be a part of that administration. Tom Bailey worked hard for Mississippi, and I shall endeavor to give my best to the state he loved so well."

Two other candidates had announced their intention to run for state tax collector: O. D. Loper, who worked in the state auditor's office, and Potts Johnson, a farmer from Jackson. Upon learning that Bailey entered the race, Johnson withdrew his candidacy and endorsed her, saying: "We men in Mississippi have been asking women to vote for us for state offices ever since woman suffrage was adopted. Any man who would claim that a woman should not hold at least one out of the ten elective state offices is insulting the intelligence of every woman voter in Mississippi. A woman can supervise this tax collecting work as good as a man, and Mrs. Bailey's capacity as an executive is well known in Mississippi."

Bailey defeated Loper in the Democratic primary with 60.5 percent of the vote, and was unopposed in the general election. She was sworn in as state tax collector on January 19, 1948, becoming the first woman to hold statewide elected office in Mississippi.

Tenure and re-election campaigns
Mississippi's tax on liquor figured prominently during Bailey's tenure as state tax collector. At the time, Mississippi and Oklahoma were the only two remaining dry states that had not repealed prohibition legislation. However, difficulty in enforcing the law, particularly in "wet areas" of the state, resulted in a ten percent "black market" tax on all sales of liquor, despite its illegal status. During Bailey's term, black market tax revenues reached record highs. The state tax collector's office took a ten percent commission of all taxes, making the position the most lucrative elected office in the state (by comparison, the governor's annual salary was $15,000).

C. W. Pitts, a former state highway patrolman, announced his candidacy for state tax collector in April 1951, challenging Bailey in the Democratic primary. He ran on a platform that advocated for the repeal of the black market tax. Robert W. May, the incumbent term-limited Mississippi state treasurer, also entered the race that month. During a candidate forum, May criticized Bailey and accused her of overreliance on unelected deputies, while Pitts pledged to give half of his collection profits to charity and said that the position of state tax collector should be "a man's job". Bailey responded by arguing that the profits were divided among the 17 office employees.

Bailey defeated Pitts and May in the Democratic primary election, garnering 54.4 percent of the vote and avoiding a runoff election. She was unopposed in the general election and was sworn into her second term on January 21, 1952.

The 1955 Democratic primary for state tax collector had four candidates, including Howard H. Little, a member of the Mississippi Public Service Commission. Bailey received 44.8 percent of the vote in the election; because no candidate received a majority of the vote, the primary went to a runoff between Bailey and Little, who received 30.0 percent of the vote. Despite the other two eliminated candidates endorsing Little, Bailey defeated Little in the runoff election by a five-point margin.

Death and legacy
Three months into her third term as state tax collector, Bailey had a series of heart attacks. She died at age 62 on March 31, 1956, at Riley Memorial Hospital (now Anderson Regional Medical Center) in Meridian. The funeral took place at the Central Methodist Church in Meridian on April 2, 1956, and she was interred in Magnolia Cemetery. After her death, one of Bailey's close friends, state representative Betty Jane Long, introduced a resolution of respect that was adopted by the Mississippi House of Representatives. The Clarion-Ledger wrote: "Many Mississippi women were proud of her achievements and many may eventually be inspired by her record to seek election to office." There was much speculation among state lawmakers about whom Governor James P. Coleman would appoint to the lucrative position to replace Bailey; Coleman ultimately named state representative William Winter to serve the remainder of Bailey's term. Winter was the last person to hold the office of state tax collector before it was abolished at his recommendation in 1964.

A portrait of Bailey, donated by her grandson Thomas Webb, has been displayed at the Old Capitol Museum in Jackson since 2019.