Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research

Nederlandse Organisatie voor Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek (TNO; Dutch Organization for Applied Scientific Research) is an independent statutory research organization in the Netherlands that focuses on applied science. It conducts contract research, offers specialist consulting services, and grants licenses for patents and specialist software. TNO also sets up new companies to market innovations.

Background
TNO was established by law in 1932 to support companies and governments. TNO also held 10% of the Austrian research center Joanneum Research from 2004 to 2014.

Model
The work of TNO is focused on the so-called Top Sectors, and social issues relevant to Europe.

The Early Research Programmes and Shared Innovation Programmes are always funded in part with public funds. Research results are further developed and applied in contract research, which is fully funded by TNO's customers.

Projects

 * TROPOMI: A satellite instrument that carries out measurements on the troposphere.
 * Personalized Digital Health: A personalized diagnosis, prognosis and treatment.
 * Hybridisation of Trucks and Buses: Focuses on the Total Cost of Ownership reduction for trucks and buses.
 * Truck Platooning: This project creates truck platooning technology.
 * Blockchain: Provides a blockchain laboratory.
 * Shaded Dome: In cooperation with the armed forces, it is a dome structure designed to protect against harmful weather conditions and provide ballistic protection.
 * The GeoERA programme: Several institutions from 31 countries are cooperating on geological research projects.
 * Innovation for Development: A programme designed to disseminate research results to small and medium-sized enterprises.
 * SolaRoad: Bike path made from solar panels, known as a "SolaRoad".
 * TIM: TNO Intestinal Models, a system of models to mimick the digestive tract.

Locations
TNO is headquartered in The Hague. Other locations include: Amsterdam, Delft, Rijswijk, Leiden, Groningen, Helmond, Petten, Soesterberg, Utrecht, Zeist and Eindhoven. TNO also has international branch offices in Shin-Yokohama (Japan), Toronto (Canada), Brussels (Belgium), Doha (Qatar), Singapore and Aruba. The locations of Hoofddorp and Enschede were closed in 2014.

Criticism
During World War II, the organization controlled several large institutes under the occupation of the Nazis. The Director was Hugo Rudolph Kruyt. As rector of the University of Utrecht, he fired the Jewish professors Ornstein, Roos and Wolff and the Jewish student assistants Fisher, Katz, Pais and Van der Hoeven. He was a member of the board of the AKU, which was controlled by the Germans.

In 2006, TNO-ITSEF, a subsidiary organization of TNO, was criticized for resisting the publication of its test reports regarding widely used voting computers in the Netherlands. In the same year, a Swiss research group refuted a widely publicized TNO report claiming UMTS radiation is a health hazard. The organization also received criticism after the evacuation of 200 residents of an Amsterdam housing estate over fears of its structural integrity when the construction had been technically approved by TNO only five months earlier. TNO was also criticized for its 2006 handling of an investigation into the collapse of a balcony in Maastricht in 2003 that killed two people.

In 2018, TNO was accused of committing fraud to disguise the cause of the disaster for their report about the fireworks disaster in Enschede on 13 May 2000, according to an investigation by Paul van Buitenen.