Next Generation Launch Vehicle

The Next Generation Launch Vehicle or NGLV or "Soorya" (previously referred to as Unified Launch Vehicle or ULV) is a three-stage partially reusable rocket, currently under development by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). This vehicle is designed to replace currently operational systems like PSLV, GSLV and LVM3.

This family of three launchers was previously being designed for replacing the different core propulsion modules of PSLV, GSLV, and LVM3 respectively with a common semi-cryogenic engine and hence it was named as Unified Launch Vehicle (ULV). Unlike the latest proposal of the launcher, the initial proposals were planned to be expendable. But the new proposals under the name of Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV) suggests launchers having partial reusability.

According to ISRO Chairman S. Somanath, the new rocket has a load capacity of between 20 and 1,215 tonnes.

History
The launch system has been in development since 2010s and has gone through various design changes with time. As ISRO's SLVs were ageing, the need for a new generation of launchers with interchangeable modular parts was realised. There have been several design changes since the first proposal.

Initial proposals
More than a decade after starting the Cryogenic Upper Stage Project in 1994, ISRO began developing a new semi-cryogenic engine that would be used on its next generation of vehicles of Unified Launch Vehicle (now NGLV), Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV) and a heavy-lift launcher for future inter-planetary missions. On 22 December 2008, the government approved the development of semi-cryogenic engine technology at an estimated cost of inr 17980000000, with a foreign exchange component of inr 5880000000, for the completion of the project by 2014, the engine was then named SCE-200.

In May 2013, the configurations of the launchers were revealed for the first time. They had a common core and upper stage, with four different booster sizes. The core, known as the SC160 (Semi-Cryogenic stage with 160 tonnes of propellant, in the ISRO nomenclature), would have 160,000 kg of Kerosene / LOX propellant and be powered by a single SCE-200 engine. The upper stage, known as the C30 (Cryogenic stage with 30 tonnes of propellant) would have 30,000 kg of LH2 / LOX propellant and be powered by a single CE-20 engine.

The four booster options were:
 * 6 × S-13, slightly larger than the S-12 on PSLV, to burn longer;
 * 2 × S-60, which appears to be a new solid motor development;
 * 2 × S-139, which is the first stage of PSLV and GSLV Mk I/II;
 * 2 × S-200, like on the LVM3.

Heavy-lift variant
A potential heavy-lift variant (HLV) of the ULV, in theory was capable of placing up to 10 ton class of spacecraft into Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit. It was planned to include:
 * A larger dual S-250 solid strap-on boosters as compared to the S-200 boosters used in LVM3;
 * A L-400 semi-cryogenic core stage, with 400 tonnes of propellant, using a cluster of five SCE-200 engines;
 * A L-27 cryogenic third stage, with 27 tonnes of propellant, using CE-20 engine.

Super-heavy-lift variant
A super-heavy-lift variant, was also among the proposals. With multiple SCE-200 engines and side boosters, this variant would have been the most powerful rocket that ISRO had ever developed.

Latest modifications and partial reusability


The development of the SCE-200 engine was completed in 2017 and the tests were contracted to a Ukrainian manufacturer Yuzhmash. In September 2021, in a virtual event being conducted by ISRO, the presentation mentioned a fleet configuration of a family of five rockets capable of lifting from 4.9 tonnes to 16 tonnes to geostationary transfer orbit (GTO). The presentation mentioned the ongoing development of a new semi-cryogenic stage namely SC120 and an upgraded cryogenic stage namely C32. The configurations displayed more powerful engine stages; SC-400 semi-cryogenic stage, C27 cryogenic stage, and S-250 solid rocket boosters.

In June 2023, ISRO revealed that the team working on the NGLV programme had already submitted a preliminary report on the rocket's details, manufacturing process, and approach toward development. The rocket is planned to be partially reusable along with its boosters. The development was expected to take another five to ten years.

Following several months of preliminary planning and design and architectural refinement, ISRO has established a project team to begin construction of the NGLV. The third launch pad at Sriharikota will be required because the NGLV project, internally named "SOORYA," will differ from the current class of rockets in configuration. This was confirmed by ISRO chairman S. Somanath in an exclusive interview with The Times of India. Project Director S Sivakumar will oversee the NGLV project. He is currently the program director (space transportation systems) at Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC). The development of NGLV will involve teams with backgrounds in LVM-3, GSLV, PSLV, and SSLV.

Renaming
S.Somanath, speaking to NDTV on 29 June 2024, unveiled a proposal to officialy rename the NGLV as "Soorya".It will be helping to build the Indian Space Station by 2030 and send an Indian to the moon by 2040.

Design
NGLV will feature a simple, robust design that allows bulk manufacturing, modularity in systems, sub-systems, and stages, and minimal turnaround time.

The NGLV might turn out to be a three-stage rocket powered by green fuel combinations, like Kerosene and liquid oxygen or methane and liquid oxygen for the SCE-200 engine, which follows oxidizer-rich closed combustion engine cycle. The first launch of the rocket is tentatively scheduled for 2030.

Potential uses
As per a presentation done by S. Somanath at a conference in October 2022, the NGLV might offer launch costs of approximately $1900 per kg of payload in the reusable form and nearly $3000 per kg in the expendable format. The vehicle will also help in meeting India's need of setting up its space station by 2035. Other potential use cases will be in the areas of launching communication satellites, deep space missions, future human spaceflight, and cargo missions.