Nick Land

Nick Land (born 17 January 1962) is an English philosopher, who has been described as "the Godfather of accelerationism". His work has been tied to the development of speculative realism. He was a leader of the 1990s "theory-fiction" collective Cybernetic Culture Research Unit after its original founder cyberfeminist theorist Sadie Plant departed from it. His work departs from the formal conventions of academic writing and embraces a wide range of influences, as well as exploring unorthodox and "dark" philosophical interests.

Land is also known for later developing the anti-egalitarian and anti-democratic ideas behind neo-reaction and the Dark Enlightenment, which he named.

Biography
Land obtained a PhD in 1987 in the University of Essex under David Farrell Krell, with a thesis on Heidegger's 1953 essay Die Sprache im Gedicht, which is about Georg Trakl's work.

He began as a lecturer in Continental philosophy at the University of Warwick from 1987 until his resignation in 1998. At Warwick, he and Sadie Plant co-founded the Cybernetic Culture Research Unit (CCRU), an interdisciplinary research group described by philosopher Graham Harman as "a diverse group of thinkers who experimented in conceptual production by welding together a wide variety of sources: futurism, technoscience, philosophy, mysticism, numerology, complexity theory, and science fiction, among others". During his time at Warwick, Land participated in Virtual Futures, a series of cyber-culture conferences. Virtual Futures 96 was advertised as "an anti-disciplinary event" and "a conference in the post-humanities". One session involved Nick Land "lying on the ground, croaking into a mic", recalls Robin Mackay, while Mackay played jungle records in the background." He was also the thesis advisor of some PhD students.

In 1992, he published The Thirst for Annihilation: Georges Bataille and Virulent Nihilism. Land published an abundance of shorter texts, many in the 1990s during his time with the CCRU. The majority of these articles were compiled in the retrospective collection Fanged Noumena, published in 2011.

Land taught at the New Centre for Research & Practice until March 2017, when the Centre ended its relationship with him "following several tweets by Land this year in which he espoused intolerant opinions about Muslims and immigrants".

, Land resided in Shanghai.

Early work
Land's work with CCRU, as well as his pre-Dark Enlightenment writings, have all been influential to the political philosophy of accelerationism, an idea resembling that of the "fatal strategy" of "ecstasy" in the earlier work of Jean Baudrillard, where "a system is abolished only by pushing it into hyperlogic, by forcing it into an excessive practice which is equivalent to a brutal amortization." Along with the other members of CCRU, Land wove together ideas from the occult, cybernetics, science fiction, and poststructuralist philosophy to try to describe the phenomena of techno-capitalist acceleration.

Land coined the term "hyperstition", a portmanteau of "superstition" and "hyper", to describe something which "is equipoised between fiction and technology". According to Land, hyperstitions are ideas that, by their very existence as ideas, bring about their own reality.

Later work
Land's Dark Enlightenment philosophy (also known as neo-reactionary movement and abbreviated NRx) opposes egalitarianism, and is associated with far-right movements. According to reporter Dylan Matthews, Land believes democracy restricts accountability and freedom. Shuja Haider notes, "His sequence of essays setting out its principles have become the foundation of the NRx canon."

His writing has variously discussed themes of scientific racism and eugenics, or what he briefly called "hyper-racism". Land's current version of accelerationism incorporates explicitly racist views and since late 2016 has been increasingly recognised as an inspiration for the alt-right.

Land disputes that the NRx is a movement, and defines the alt-right as distinct from the NRx.

Reception and influence
Mark Fisher, a British cultural theorist and student of Land's, argued in 2011 that Land's greatest impact so far had been on music and art, rather than on philosophy. The musician Kode9, the artist Jake Chapman, and others studied with or describe their influence by Land, often highlighting Land's inhuman, "technilist," or "delirious" qualities. Fisher underscores in particular how Land's personality during the 1990s could catalyze changes in those engaging with his work through what Kodwo Eshun describes as a manner "immediately open, egalitarian, and absolutely unaffected by academic protocol" which could dramatise "theory as a geopolitico-historical epic."

Nihilist philosopher Ray Brassier, also formerly from the University of Warwick, stated in 2017 "Nick Land has gone from arguing 'Politics is dead', 20 years ago, to this completely old-fashioned, standard reactionary stuff."

Books

 * Heidegger's 'Die Sprache im Gedicht' and the Cultivation of the Grapheme  (PhD Thesis, University of Essex, 1987)
 * The Thirst For Annihilation: Georges Bataille and Virulent Nihilism (An Essay in Atheistic Religion) (London and New York: Routledge, 1992)
 * Machinic Postmodernism: Complexity, Technics and Regulation (with Keith Ansell-Pearson & Joseph A. McCahery) (SAGE Publications, 1996)
 * The Shanghai World Expo Guide 2010 (China Intercontinental Press, 2010)
 * Shanghai Basics (China Intercontinental Press, 2010)
 * Calendric Dominion (Urbanatomy Electronic, 2013)
 * Suspended Animation (Urbanatomy Electronic, 2013)
 * Fission (Urbanomic, 2014)
 * Templexity: Disordered Loops through Shanghai Time (Urbanatomy Electronic, 2014)
 * Phyl-Undhu: Abstract Horror, Exterminator (Time Spiral Press, 2014)
 * Shanghai Times (Urbanatomy Electronic, 2014).
 * Dragon Tales: Glimpses of Chinese Culture (Urbanatomy Electronic, 2014).
 * Xinjiang Horizons (Urbanatomy Electronic, 2014).
 * Chasm (Time Spiral Press, 2015).
 * The Dark Enlightenment (Imperium Press, 2022) ISBN 978-1922602688
 * Xenosystems (Passage Publishing, forthcoming 2024)
 * Xenosystems (Passage Publishing, forthcoming 2024)