Nizar Qabbani

Nizar Tawfiq Qabbani (نزار توفيق قباني,, Nizar Kabbani; 21 March 1923 – 30 April 1998) was a Syrian diplomat, poet, writer and publisher. He is considered to be Syria's National Poet. His poetic style combines simplicity and elegance in exploring themes of love, eroticism, religion, and Arab empowerment against foreign imperialism and local dictators. Qabbani is one of the most revered contemporary poets in the Arab world. His famous relatives include Abu Khalil Qabbani, Sabah Qabbani, Rana Kabbani, Yasmine Seale.

Early life


Nizar Qabbani was born in the Syrian capital of Damascus to a middle class merchant family. Qabbani was raised in Mi'thnah Al-Shahm, one of the neighborhoods of Old Damascus and studied at the National Scientific College School in Damascus between 1930 and 1941. The school was owned and run by his father's friend, Ahmad Munif al-Aidi. He later studied law at Damascus University, which was called Syrian University until 1958. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in law in 1945.

While a student in college he wrote his first collection of poems entitled The Brunette Told Me, which he published in 1942. It was a collection of romantic verses that made several startling references to a woman's body, sending shock waves throughout the conservative society in Damascus. To make it more acceptable, Qabbani showed it to Munir al-Ajlani, the minister of education who was also a friend of his father and a leading nationalist leader in Syria. Ajlani liked the poems and endorsed them by writing the preface for Nizar's first book.



Diplomatic career
After graduating from law school, Qabbani worked for the Syrian Foreign Ministry, serving as Consul or cultural attaché in several capital cities, including Beirut, Cairo, Istanbul, Madrid, and London. In 1959, when the United Arab Republic was formed, Qabbani was appointed Vice-Secretary of the UAR for its embassies in China. He wrote extensively during these years and his poems from China were some of his finest. He continued to work in diplomacy until he tendered his resignation in 1966.

Poetic influences
At the age of fifteen, Nizar Qabbani’s sister died due to contested reasons. When asked whether he was a revolutionary, the poet answered: “Love in the Arab world is like a prisoner, and I want to set (it) free. I want to free the Arab soul, sense, and body with my poetry. The relationships between men and women in our society are not healthy.”

In 1981, Nizar Qabbani’s wife, Balqees, died in a bombing in Beirut, Lebanon, during the Lebanese civil war. The death of Balqees profoundly affected Qabbani’s psychology and poetry. He expressed his grief in an exceptionally moving poem titled Balqees. Qabbani blamed all Arab regimes for her death. Additionally, Qabbani used the death of his beloved Balqees to symbolize the death of Arab people in the Levant by their governments. "Balqees: I ask forgiveness. Maybe your life was for mine, a sacrifice. I know well that your killers’ aims were to kill my words. My beautiful, rest in peace. After you, poetry will cease and womanhood is out of place. Generations of children flocks Will keep asking about your long hair locks. Generations of lovers will read about you, the true instructor. One day the Arabs will get it that they killed the prophetess and the prophets."

The city of Damascus remained the most powerful muse in his poetry, most notably in the Jasmine Scent of Damascus. However, Qabbani expressed his love for all Arab citizens and cities from Mauritania extending to Iraq as one people connected by the same struggle and a rich past. In the second stanza of Umm al-Mu'tazz he said: "Every Arab city is my mother, Damascus, Beirut, Cairo, Baghdad, Khartoum, Casablanca, Benghazi, Tunis, Amman, Riyadh, Kuwait, Algiers, Abu Dhabi, and their sisters: These are my family tree. All of these cities brought me forth from their wombs, cave me to suck from their breasts. And filled my pockets with grapes, figs and plums. All of them shook their date palms for me so that I could eat. Opened their skies for me like a blue notebook so that I could write. For this reason, I do not enter an Arab city without it calling me, "My son." I do not knock on the gate of an Arab city without finding my childhood bed waiting for me. No Arab city bleeds without my bleeding with it."

Qabbani was a vocal opponent of colonial and imperial western projects in the Middle East. Additionally, Qabbani frequently criticized Arab leaders for their corruption, oppression, and hypocrisy most notably in his poem Sultan: "O Sultan, my master, if my clothes are ripped and torn It is because your dogs with claws are allowed to tear me O Sultan! Because I dare to approach your deaf walls, because I tried to reveal my sadness and tribulation, I was beaten."

Family
Qabbani had two sisters, Wisal and Haifa, and three brothers, Mu'taz, Rashid, and Sabah. The latter, Sabah Qabbani, became the director of Syrian radio and TV in 1960 and served as Syria's ambassador to the United States in the 1980s.

Nizar Qabbani's father, Tawfiq Qabbani, was Syrian, while his mother was of Turkish descent. His father had a chocolate factory; he also helped support fighters resisting the French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon and was imprisoned many times for his views, greatly affecting the upbringing of Nizar into a revolutionary in his own right. Qabbani's grandfather, Abu Khalil Qabbani, was one of the leading innovators in Arab dramatic literature.

The Qabbanis were of Turkish origin and came from Konya. The family name, Qabbani, is derived from Qabban (قبان) which means Steelyard balance.

Marriages
Nizar Qabbani married twice in his life. His first wife was his cousin Zahra Aqbiq; together they had a daughter, Hadba, and a son, Tawfiq. Tawfiq died due to a heart attack when he was 22 years old when he was in London. Qabbani eulogized his son in the famous poem "To the Legendary Damascene, Prince Tawfiq Qabbani". Zahra Aqbiq died in 2007. His daughter Hadba, born in 1947, was married twice, and lived in London until her death in April 2009.

His second marriage was to an Iraqi woman named Balqis al-Rawi, a schoolteacher he met at a poetry recital in Baghdad; she was killed in the 1981 Iraqi embassy bombing in Beirut during the Lebanese Civil War on 15 December 1981. Together they had a son, Omar, and a daughter, Zainab. After the death of Balqis, Qabbani did not marry again.

Late life and death
After the death of Balqis, Qabbani left Beirut. He was moving between Geneva and Paris, eventually settling in London, where he spent the last 15 years of his life. In exile, Qabbani continued to write poems and raise controversies and arguments. Notable and controversial poems from this period in his life include When Will They Announce the Death of Arabs? and Runners. At the age of 75, Nizar Qabbani died in London on 30 April 1998 of a heart attack. In his will, which he wrote in his hospital bed in London, Nizar Qabbani wrote that he wished to be buried in Damascus, which he described in his will as "the womb that taught me poetry, taught me creativity and granted me the alphabet of Jasmine." The great Arab poet was mourned by Arabs all over the world, with international news broadcasts highlighting his illustrious literary career.

Awards and tributes

 * 1992–1993 Al Owais Award for Cultural & Scientific Achievements.
 * On 21 March 2016, Google celebrated his 93rd birthday with a Google Doodle.

Poetry
Qabbani began writing poetry when he was 16 years old; at his own expense, Qabbani published his first book of poems, entitled The Brunette Told Me (قالت لي السمراء), while he was a law student at the University of Damascus in 1944.

Over the course of a half-century, Qabbani wrote 34 other books of poetry, including:


 * Childhood of a Breast (1948) طفولة نهد
 * Samba (1949) سامبا
 * You Are Mine (1950) أنت لي
 * Poems (1956) قصائد
 * My Beloved (1961) حبيبتي
 * Drawing with Words (1966) الرسم بالكلمات
 * Diary of an Indifferent Woman (1968) يوميات امرأة لا مبالية
 * Savage Poems (1970) قصائد متوحشة
 * Book of Love (1970) كتاب الحب
 * 100 Love Letters (1970) مئة رسالة حب
 * Poems Against The Law (1972) أشعار خارجة على القانون
 * I Love You, and the Rest is to Come (1978) أحبك أحبك و البقية تأتي
 * To Beirut the Feminine, With My Love (1978) إلى بيروت الأنثى مع حبي
 * May You Be My Love For Another Year (1978) كل عام وأنت حبيبتي
 * I Testify That There Is No Woman But you (1979) أشهد أن لا امرأة إلا أنت
 * Secret Diaries of Baheyya the Egyptian (1979) اليوميات السرية لبهية المصرية
 * I Write the History of Woman Like So (1981) هكذا أكتب تاريخ النساء
 * The Lover's Dictionary (1981) قاموس العاشقين
 * A Poem For Balqis (1982) قصيدة بلقيس
 * Love Does Not Stop at Red Lights (1985) الحب لا يقف على الضوء الأحمر
 * Insane Poems (1985)أشعار مجنونة
 * Poems Inciting Anger (1986) قصائد مغضوب عليها
 * Love Shall Remain My Lord (1987) سيبقى الحب سيدي
 * The Trilogy of the Children of the Stones (1988) ثلاثية أطفال الحجارة
 * Secret Papers of a Karmathian Lover (1988) الأوراق السرية لعاشق قرمطي
 * Biography of an Arab Executioner (1988) السيرة الذاتية لسياف عربي
 * I Married You, Liberty! (1988) تزوجتك أيتها الحرية
 * A Match in My Hand, And Your Petty Paper Nations (1989) الكبريت في يدي ودويلاتكم من ورق
 * No Victor Other Than Love (1989) لا غالب إلا الحب
 * Do You Hear the Cry of My Sadness? (1991) هل تسمعين صهيل أحزاني ؟
 * Marginal Notes on the Book of Defeat (1991) هوامش على دفتر النكسة
 * I'm One Man and You are a Tribe of Women (1992) أنا رجل واحد وأنت قبيلة من النساء
 * Fifty Years of Praising Women (1994) خمسون عاما في مديح النساء
 * Nizarian Variations of Arabic Maqam of Love  (1995) تنويعات نزارية على مقام العشق
 * Alphabet of Jasmine (1998) أبجدية الياسمين

Other works
He also composed many works of prose, such as My Story with Poetry قصتي مع الشعر, What Poetry Is ما هو الشعر, and Words Know Anger الكلمات تعرف الغضب, On Poetry, Sex, and Revolution عن الشعر والجنس والثورة, Poetry is a Green Lantern الشعر قنديل أخضر,  Birds Don't Require a Visa العصافير لا تطلب تأشيرة دخول, I Played Perfectly and Here are my Keys لعبت بإتقان وها هي مفاتيحي and The Woman in My Poetry and My Life المرأة في شعري وفي حياتي, as well as one play named Republic of Madness Previously Lebanon جمهورية جنونستان لبنان سابقا and lyrics of many famous songs of celebrated Arab singers, including:
 * Mohammed Abdel Wahab (Ayazon: does he think?)
 * Abdel Halim Hafez (Qareat Alfinjan: The cup reader)
 * Fairuz (La Tasaalouny: Don't Ask Me)
 * Kadhim Al-Sahir (Madrasat Alhob: School of Love)
 * Umm Kulthum (Alan Endi Bondoqyah: Now I Have Rifle)
 * Latifa (Talomony Aldunia: The universe blames me)
 * Majida El Roumi (Beirut Sit Aldunia: Lady of universe Beirut)
 * Asalah (Egdhab kama Tashaa: Get angry as you may)
 * Najat Al Saghira (Matha Aqool Laho?: What shall I say to him?)
 * Nancy Ajram (Ila Beirut aluntha: To the feminine Beirut )

And his verses would remain popular after his death, and put to song by Arab pop-music stars such as Kazem al-Saher and Latifa. However, such songs were introduced after filtering the original poems.

Other languages
Many of Qabbani's poems have also been translated into English and other foreign languages, both individually and as collections of selected works. Some of these collections include:


 * English
 * "On Entering the Sea" (1998)
 * "Arabian Love Poems" (1998), translated by Bassam Frangieh and Clementina R. Brown
 * "Republic of Love" (2002), translated by Nayef al-Kalali
 * "Journal of An Indifferent Woman" (2015), translated by George Nicolas El-Hage, PhD


 * Italian
 * "Poesie", a cura di G. Canova, M.A. De Luca, P. Minganti, A. Pellitteri, Istituto per l’Oriente, Roma 1976.
 * "Il fiammifero è in mano mia e le vostre piccole nazioni sono di carta e altri versi", a cura di V. Colombo, San Marco dei Giustiniani, Genova 2001.
 * "Il libro dell’amore", traduzione di M. Avino, in Antologia della letteratura araba contemporanea. Dalla nahda a oggi, a cura di M. Avino, I. Camera d’Afflitto, Alma Salem, Carocci, Roma 2015, pp. 116–117.
 * "Le mie poesie più belle", traduzione dall’arabo a cura di N. Salameh e S. Moresi, postfazione di P. Caridi, Jouvence, Milano 2016.

Many of Qabbani's poems have been translated into Nepali by Suman Pokhrel, and are collected in an anthology tilled Manpareka Kehi Kavita.
 * Nepali

Many of Qabbani's poems are translated into Hindi by Siddheshwar Singh, Arpana Manoj, Manoj Patel, Rinu Talwar and other translators.
 * Hindi

Evgeniy Dyakonov wrote his PhD thesis on the translation of Nizar Qabbani's poetry into Russian; Dyakonov's translations were published by Biblos Consulting, Moscow, in 2007.
 * Russian