Northern waterthrush

The northern waterthrush (Parkesia noveboracensis) is a species of ground-feeding migratory New World warbler of the genus Parkesia. It breeds in the northern part of North America in Canada and the northern United States including Alaska, and winters in Central America, the West Indies and Florida, as well as in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador. It is a rare vagrant to other South American countries and to western Europe. Its closest relative is the Louisiana waterthrush.

Etymology
The genus name Parkesia commemorates Kenneth Carroll Parkes, American ornithologist and curator of the Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh, and noveboracensis is New York, the type locality from Latin novus, "new" and Eboracum, York.

Description
The northern waterthrush is a large New World warbler (and not a thrush, despite the name). It has a length of 12 –, wingspan of 21 – and weighs between 13 and 25 g Among standard measurements, the wing chord is 6.8 to 8.2 cm, the tail is 4.5 to 5.7 cm, the bill is 1.1 to 1.2 cm and the tarsus is 1.9 to 2.3 cm. On the head, the crown is brown with a white supercilium. The bill is pointed and dark. The throat is lightly streaked brown to black with heavier streaking continuing onto the breast and flanks. The back is evenly brown. Sexes are morphologically similar. Young birds have buff, rather than white underparts. The species may be visually confused for the closely related Louisiana waterthrush (Parkesia motacilla ), which has buff flanks, a buff undertail, and bright pink legs. The Louisiana waterthrush also has a whiter throat with fewer streaks. More subtle clues include smaller size and smaller bill, a narrower and darker eye-line, and different call note and habits.

Both waterthrush species walk rather than hop, and seem to teeter, since they bob their rear ends as they move along.

Behavior
On the wintering grounds in Puerto Rico, northern waterthrushes leave daytime foraging areas and fly up to 2 km to nighttime roosts. The roosts are often located in red mangrove habitats. Northern waterthrushes winter in 4 main habitats in Puerto Rico: white mangrove, red mangrove, black mangrove, and scrub. Males, which are larger and migrate earlier in spring, prefer to winter in white mangrove, and are able to maintain or gain weight through the winter. Females winter in the other drier and less food-rich habitats. During the non-breeding period, northern waterthrushes are site-faithful and tend to be solitary.

Waterthrushes wintering in red and black mangrove can maintain body weight through the winter but lose weight in scrub. Another determinant in body mass increase in the wintering grounds is moisture.

Northern waterthrush territories are distributed across both upland and riparian habitats, but have limited occupation of harvested areas. Crowding into riparian buffer zones adjacent to harvested areas have more difficulty foraging compared to those in untouched areas.

Reproduction
The breeding habitat of the northern waterthrush is wet woodlands near water, especially rivers and streams. It will occasionally nest in upland areas in the roots of fallen trees. Northern waterthrushes build a cup nest constructed of leaves, bark strips, and rootlets in cavities or among tree roots. It lays three to six eggs, cream- or buff-colored, with brown and gray spots.

Diet
The northern waterthrush is a terrestrial ground feeder, eating insects, spiders, mollusks (such as snails),  worms,  and crustaceans found amongst leaf litter, as well as minnows, found by wading through water.

Vocalization
The song of loud, emphatic, clear chirping notes generally falling in pitch and accelerating; loosely paired or tripled, with little variation. Call a loud, hard spwik rising with a strong K sound. The flight call is a buzzy, high, slightly rising zzip.

Vagrancy
The first northern waterthrush recorded in Europe was a female trapped in Ushant, France on 17 September 1955. The species was first recorded in the United Kingdom on 30 September 1958, on St. Agnes, Isles of Scilly. It was caught in a mist-net, photographed, and released, after which it stayed until 12 October. There have been eight recorded sightings in the UK between 1958 and 2024. An exceptional record comes from Antofagasta, Chile.

Books

 * Eaton, S. W. 1995. Northern Waterthrush (Seiurus noveboracensis). In The Birds of North America, No. 182 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.

Thesis

 * Craig RJ. Ph.D. (1981). COMPARATIVE ECOLOGY OF THE LOUISIANA AND NORTHERN WATERTHRUSHES. The University of Connecticut, United States, Connecticut.
 * Gaudette MT. Ph.D. (1998). Modeling wetland songbird community integrity in central Pennsylvania. The Pennsylvania State University, United States, Pennsylvania.
 * Powell KG. M.Sc. (2005). Songbird movement, relative abundance, and species composition in natural and managed forest landscapes in western Newfoundland. Acadia University (Canada), Canada.
 * Ramos Olmos MA. Ph.D. (1983). SEASONAL MOVEMENTS OF BIRD POPULATIONS AT A NEOTROPICAL STUDY SITE IN SOUTHERN VERACRUZ, MEXICO. University of Minnesota, United States, Minnesota.

Articles
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 * Winker K, Warner DW & Weisbrod AR. (1992). The Northern Waterthrush and Swainson's Thrush as Transients at a Temperate Inland Stopover Site. In Hagan, J M Iii and D W Johnston (Ed) Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds; Symposium, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA, December 6–9, 1989 Xiii+609p Smithsonian Institution Press: Washington, DC, USA; London, England, Uk Illus Maps 384–402, 1992.
 * Winker K, Warner DW & Weisbrod AR. (1992). The Northern Waterthrush and Swainson's Thrush as Transients at a Temperate Inland Stopover Site. In Hagan, J M Iii and D W Johnston (Ed) Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds; Symposium, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA, December 6–9, 1989 Xiii+609p Smithsonian Institution Press: Washington, DC, USA; London, England, Uk Illus Maps 384–402, 1992.
 * Winker K, Warner DW & Weisbrod AR. (1992). The Northern Waterthrush and Swainson's Thrush as Transients at a Temperate Inland Stopover Site. In Hagan, J M Iii and D W Johnston (Ed) Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds; Symposium, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA, December 6–9, 1989 Xiii+609p Smithsonian Institution Press: Washington, DC, USA; London, England, Uk Illus Maps 384–402, 1992.
 * Winker K, Warner DW & Weisbrod AR. (1992). The Northern Waterthrush and Swainson's Thrush as Transients at a Temperate Inland Stopover Site. In Hagan, J M Iii and D W Johnston (Ed) Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds; Symposium, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA, December 6–9, 1989 Xiii+609p Smithsonian Institution Press: Washington, DC, USA; London, England, Uk Illus Maps 384–402, 1992.
 * Winker K, Warner DW & Weisbrod AR. (1992). The Northern Waterthrush and Swainson's Thrush as Transients at a Temperate Inland Stopover Site. In Hagan, J M Iii and D W Johnston (Ed) Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds; Symposium, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA, December 6–9, 1989 Xiii+609p Smithsonian Institution Press: Washington, DC, USA; London, England, Uk Illus Maps 384–402, 1992.
 * Winker K, Warner DW & Weisbrod AR. (1992). The Northern Waterthrush and Swainson's Thrush as Transients at a Temperate Inland Stopover Site. In Hagan, J M Iii and D W Johnston (Ed) Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds; Symposium, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA, December 6–9, 1989 Xiii+609p Smithsonian Institution Press: Washington, DC, USA; London, England, Uk Illus Maps 384–402, 1992.
 * Winker K, Warner DW & Weisbrod AR. (1992). The Northern Waterthrush and Swainson's Thrush as Transients at a Temperate Inland Stopover Site. In Hagan, J M Iii and D W Johnston (Ed) Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds; Symposium, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA, December 6–9, 1989 Xiii+609p Smithsonian Institution Press: Washington, DC, USA; London, England, Uk Illus Maps 384–402, 1992.
 * Winker K, Warner DW & Weisbrod AR. (1992). The Northern Waterthrush and Swainson's Thrush as Transients at a Temperate Inland Stopover Site. In Hagan, J M Iii and D W Johnston (Ed) Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds; Symposium, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA, December 6–9, 1989 Xiii+609p Smithsonian Institution Press: Washington, DC, USA; London, England, Uk Illus Maps 384–402, 1992.
 * Winker K, Warner DW & Weisbrod AR. (1992). The Northern Waterthrush and Swainson's Thrush as Transients at a Temperate Inland Stopover Site. In Hagan, J M Iii and D W Johnston (Ed) Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds; Symposium, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA, December 6–9, 1989 Xiii+609p Smithsonian Institution Press: Washington, DC, USA; London, England, Uk Illus Maps 384–402, 1992.
 * Winker K, Warner DW & Weisbrod AR. (1992). The Northern Waterthrush and Swainson's Thrush as Transients at a Temperate Inland Stopover Site. In Hagan, J M Iii and D W Johnston (Ed) Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds; Symposium, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA, December 6–9, 1989 Xiii+609p Smithsonian Institution Press: Washington, DC, USA; London, England, Uk Illus Maps 384–402, 1992.
 * Winker K, Warner DW & Weisbrod AR. (1992). The Northern Waterthrush and Swainson's Thrush as Transients at a Temperate Inland Stopover Site. In Hagan, J M Iii and D W Johnston (Ed) Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds; Symposium, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA, December 6–9, 1989 Xiii+609p Smithsonian Institution Press: Washington, DC, USA; London, England, Uk Illus Maps 384–402, 1992.
 * Winker K, Warner DW & Weisbrod AR. (1992). The Northern Waterthrush and Swainson's Thrush as Transients at a Temperate Inland Stopover Site. In Hagan, J M Iii and D W Johnston (Ed) Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds; Symposium, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA, December 6–9, 1989 Xiii+609p Smithsonian Institution Press: Washington, DC, USA; London, England, Uk Illus Maps 384–402, 1992.
 * Winker K, Warner DW & Weisbrod AR. (1992). The Northern Waterthrush and Swainson's Thrush as Transients at a Temperate Inland Stopover Site. In Hagan, J M Iii and D W Johnston (Ed) Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds; Symposium, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA, December 6–9, 1989 Xiii+609p Smithsonian Institution Press: Washington, DC, USA; London, England, Uk Illus Maps 384–402, 1992.
 * Winker K, Warner DW & Weisbrod AR. (1992). The Northern Waterthrush and Swainson's Thrush as Transients at a Temperate Inland Stopover Site. In Hagan, J M Iii and D W Johnston (Ed) Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds; Symposium, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA, December 6–9, 1989 Xiii+609p Smithsonian Institution Press: Washington, DC, USA; London, England, Uk Illus Maps 384–402, 1992.
 * Winker K, Warner DW & Weisbrod AR. (1992). The Northern Waterthrush and Swainson's Thrush as Transients at a Temperate Inland Stopover Site. In Hagan, J M Iii and D W Johnston (Ed) Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds; Symposium, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA, December 6–9, 1989 Xiii+609p Smithsonian Institution Press: Washington, DC, USA; London, England, Uk Illus Maps 384–402, 1992.
 * Winker K, Warner DW & Weisbrod AR. (1992). The Northern Waterthrush and Swainson's Thrush as Transients at a Temperate Inland Stopover Site. In Hagan, J M Iii and D W Johnston (Ed) Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds; Symposium, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA, December 6–9, 1989 Xiii+609p Smithsonian Institution Press: Washington, DC, USA; London, England, Uk Illus Maps 384–402, 1992.
 * Winker K, Warner DW & Weisbrod AR. (1992). The Northern Waterthrush and Swainson's Thrush as Transients at a Temperate Inland Stopover Site. In Hagan, J M Iii and D W Johnston (Ed) Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds; Symposium, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA, December 6–9, 1989 Xiii+609p Smithsonian Institution Press: Washington, DC, USA; London, England, Uk Illus Maps 384–402, 1992.
 * Winker K, Warner DW & Weisbrod AR. (1992). The Northern Waterthrush and Swainson's Thrush as Transients at a Temperate Inland Stopover Site. In Hagan, J M Iii and D W Johnston (Ed) Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds; Symposium, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA, December 6–9, 1989 Xiii+609p Smithsonian Institution Press: Washington, DC, USA; London, England, Uk Illus Maps 384–402, 1992.
 * Winker K, Warner DW & Weisbrod AR. (1992). The Northern Waterthrush and Swainson's Thrush as Transients at a Temperate Inland Stopover Site. In Hagan, J M Iii and D W Johnston (Ed) Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds; Symposium, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA, December 6–9, 1989 Xiii+609p Smithsonian Institution Press: Washington, DC, USA; London, England, Uk Illus Maps 384–402, 1992.
 * Winker K, Warner DW & Weisbrod AR. (1992). The Northern Waterthrush and Swainson's Thrush as Transients at a Temperate Inland Stopover Site. In Hagan, J M Iii and D W Johnston (Ed) Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds; Symposium, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA, December 6–9, 1989 Xiii+609p Smithsonian Institution Press: Washington, DC, USA; London, England, Uk Illus Maps 384–402, 1992.
 * Winker K, Warner DW & Weisbrod AR. (1992). The Northern Waterthrush and Swainson's Thrush as Transients at a Temperate Inland Stopover Site. In Hagan, J M Iii and D W Johnston (Ed) Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds; Symposium, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA, December 6–9, 1989 Xiii+609p Smithsonian Institution Press: Washington, DC, USA; London, England, Uk Illus Maps 384–402, 1992.
 * Winker K, Warner DW & Weisbrod AR. (1992). The Northern Waterthrush and Swainson's Thrush as Transients at a Temperate Inland Stopover Site. In Hagan, J M Iii and D W Johnston (Ed) Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds; Symposium, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA, December 6–9, 1989 Xiii+609p Smithsonian Institution Press: Washington, DC, USA; London, England, Uk Illus Maps 384–402, 1992.
 * Winker K, Warner DW & Weisbrod AR. (1992). The Northern Waterthrush and Swainson's Thrush as Transients at a Temperate Inland Stopover Site. In Hagan, J M Iii and D W Johnston (Ed) Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds; Symposium, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA, December 6–9, 1989 Xiii+609p Smithsonian Institution Press: Washington, DC, USA; London, England, Uk Illus Maps 384–402, 1992.
 * Winker K, Warner DW & Weisbrod AR. (1992). The Northern Waterthrush and Swainson's Thrush as Transients at a Temperate Inland Stopover Site. In Hagan, J M Iii and D W Johnston (Ed) Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds; Symposium, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA, December 6–9, 1989 Xiii+609p Smithsonian Institution Press: Washington, DC, USA; London, England, Uk Illus Maps 384–402, 1992.
 * Winker K, Warner DW & Weisbrod AR. (1992). The Northern Waterthrush and Swainson's Thrush as Transients at a Temperate Inland Stopover Site. In Hagan, J M Iii and D W Johnston (Ed) Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds; Symposium, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA, December 6–9, 1989 Xiii+609p Smithsonian Institution Press: Washington, DC, USA; London, England, Uk Illus Maps 384–402, 1992.
 * Winker K, Warner DW & Weisbrod AR. (1992). The Northern Waterthrush and Swainson's Thrush as Transients at a Temperate Inland Stopover Site. In Hagan, J M Iii and D W Johnston (Ed) Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds; Symposium, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA, December 6–9, 1989 Xiii+609p Smithsonian Institution Press: Washington, DC, USA; London, England, Uk Illus Maps 384–402, 1992.
 * Winker K, Warner DW & Weisbrod AR. (1992). The Northern Waterthrush and Swainson's Thrush as Transients at a Temperate Inland Stopover Site. In Hagan, J M Iii and D W Johnston (Ed) Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds; Symposium, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA, December 6–9, 1989 Xiii+609p Smithsonian Institution Press: Washington, DC, USA; London, England, Uk Illus Maps 384–402, 1992.
 * Winker K, Warner DW & Weisbrod AR. (1992). The Northern Waterthrush and Swainson's Thrush as Transients at a Temperate Inland Stopover Site. In Hagan, J M Iii and D W Johnston (Ed) Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds; Symposium, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA, December 6–9, 1989 Xiii+609p Smithsonian Institution Press: Washington, DC, USA; London, England, Uk Illus Maps 384–402, 1992.
 * Winker K, Warner DW & Weisbrod AR. (1992). The Northern Waterthrush and Swainson's Thrush as Transients at a Temperate Inland Stopover Site. In Hagan, J M Iii and D W Johnston (Ed) Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds; Symposium, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA, December 6–9, 1989 Xiii+609p Smithsonian Institution Press: Washington, DC, USA; London, England, Uk Illus Maps 384–402, 1992.
 * Winker K, Warner DW & Weisbrod AR. (1992). The Northern Waterthrush and Swainson's Thrush as Transients at a Temperate Inland Stopover Site. In Hagan, J M Iii and D W Johnston (Ed) Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds; Symposium, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA, December 6–9, 1989 Xiii+609p Smithsonian Institution Press: Washington, DC, USA; London, England, Uk Illus Maps 384–402, 1992.
 * Winker K, Warner DW & Weisbrod AR. (1992). The Northern Waterthrush and Swainson's Thrush as Transients at a Temperate Inland Stopover Site. In Hagan, J M Iii and D W Johnston (Ed) Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds; Symposium, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA, December 6–9, 1989 Xiii+609p Smithsonian Institution Press: Washington, DC, USA; London, England, Uk Illus Maps 384–402, 1992.
 * Winker K, Warner DW & Weisbrod AR. (1992). The Northern Waterthrush and Swainson's Thrush as Transients at a Temperate Inland Stopover Site. In Hagan, J M Iii and D W Johnston (Ed) Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds; Symposium, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA, December 6–9, 1989 Xiii+609p Smithsonian Institution Press: Washington, DC, USA; London, England, Uk Illus Maps 384–402, 1992.
 * Winker K, Warner DW & Weisbrod AR. (1992). The Northern Waterthrush and Swainson's Thrush as Transients at a Temperate Inland Stopover Site. In Hagan, J M Iii and D W Johnston (Ed) Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds; Symposium, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA, December 6–9, 1989 Xiii+609p Smithsonian Institution Press: Washington, DC, USA; London, England, Uk Illus Maps 384–402, 1992.
 * Winker K, Warner DW & Weisbrod AR. (1992). The Northern Waterthrush and Swainson's Thrush as Transients at a Temperate Inland Stopover Site. In Hagan, J M Iii and D W Johnston (Ed) Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds; Symposium, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA, December 6–9, 1989 Xiii+609p Smithsonian Institution Press: Washington, DC, USA; London, England, Uk Illus Maps 384–402, 1992.
 * Winker K, Warner DW & Weisbrod AR. (1992). The Northern Waterthrush and Swainson's Thrush as Transients at a Temperate Inland Stopover Site. In Hagan, J M Iii and D W Johnston (Ed) Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds; Symposium, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA, December 6–9, 1989 Xiii+609p Smithsonian Institution Press: Washington, DC, USA; London, England, Uk Illus Maps 384–402, 1992.
 * Winker K, Warner DW & Weisbrod AR. (1992). The Northern Waterthrush and Swainson's Thrush as Transients at a Temperate Inland Stopover Site. In Hagan, J M Iii and D W Johnston (Ed) Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds; Symposium, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA, December 6–9, 1989 Xiii+609p Smithsonian Institution Press: Washington, DC, USA; London, England, Uk Illus Maps 384–402, 1992.