Nymphaea nouchali

Nymphaea nouchali, often known by its synonym Nymphaea stellata, or by common names blue lotus, star lotus, red water lily, dwarf aquarium lily, blue water lily, blue star water lily or manel flower, is a water lily of genus Nymphaea. It is native to southern and eastern parts of Asia, and is the national flower of Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. In Sanskrit it is called utpala. This species is usually considered to include the blue Egyptian lotus N. nouchali var. caerulea. In the past, taxonomic confusion has occurred, with the name Nymphaea nouchali incorrectly applied to Nymphaea pubescens.

Description
N. nouchali is a day-blooming non-viviparous plant with submerged roots and stems. Part of the leaves are submerged, while others rise slightly above the surface. The leaves are round and green on top; they usually have a darker underside. The floating leaves have undulating edges that give them a crenellated appearance. Their size is about 20–23 cm (8" to 9") and their spread is up to 1.5 metres (5') from the rhizome.

This water lily has a beautiful flower which is usually white or blue in color. Its variants occur in white, blue,violet,purple,pink & cream/yellowish white colours.The flower has four or five sepals and 13-15 petals that have an angular appearance, making the flower look star-shaped from above. The cup-like calyx has a diameter of 4–15 cm (2" to 6").

The leaves of the lily can be affected by a water-born fungi, Doassansiopsis nymphaea.

Distribution and habitat
This aquatic plant is native in a broad region from Afghanistan, the Indian subcontinent, to Taiwan, southeast Asia and Australia. It has been long valued as a garden flower in Thailand and Myanmar to decorate ponds and gardens. In its natural state, N. nouchali is found in static or slow-flowing aquatic habitats of low to moderate depth.

Publication
It was first described by Nicolaas Laurens Burman in 1768.

Synonyms
'''Synonyms of Nymphaea nouchali var. caerulea (Savigny) Verdc.'''

Castalia caerulea (Savigny) Tratt.

Leuconymphaea caerulea (Savigny) Kuntze

Nymphaea caerulea Savigny

Nymphaea stellata f. caerulea (Savigny) Casp.

Castalia capensis (Thunb.) J.Schust.

Castalia scutifolia Salisb.

Leuconymphaea berneriana (Planch.) Kuntze

Leuconymphaea emirnensis (Planch.) Kuntze

Nymphaea bernieriana Planch.

Nymphaea caerulea var. albiflora Lovassy

Nymphaea caerulea var. eigii Warb.

Nymphaea caerulea var. versicolor T.Durand & H.Durand

Nymphaea calliantha Conard

Nymphaea calliantha var. nelsonii Burtt Davy

Nymphaea calliantha var. tenuis Conard

Nymphaea capensis Thunb.

Nymphaea capensis var. alba K.C.Landon

Nymphaea capensis var. madagascariensis (DC.) Conard

Nymphaea coerulea Andrews

Nymphaea cyclophylla R.E.Fr.

Nymphaea edgeworthii Lehm.

Nymphaea emirnensis Planch.

Nymphaea engleri Gilg

Nymphaea madagascariensis DC.

Nymphaea magnifica Gilg

Nymphaea mildbraedii Gilg

Nymphaea muschleriana Gilg

Nymphaea nubica Lehm.

Nymphaea radiata Bercht. & Opiz

Nymphaea scutifolia (Salisb.) DC.

Nymphaea spectabilis Gilg

Nymphaea sphaerantha Peter

Nymphaea stellata adscendens Casp.

Nymphaea stellata albida Casp.

Nymphaea stellata approximata Casp.

Nymphaea stellata coerulea Casp.

Nymphaea stellata distans Casp.

Nymphaea stellata immaculata Casp.

Nymphaea stellata immaculata Casp.

Nymphaea stellata lilacina Casp.

Nymphaea stellata lilacina Casp.

Nymphaea stellata maculata Casp.

Nymphaea stellata maculata Casp.

Nymphaea stellata punctata Casp.

Nymphaea stellata spiralis Casp.

Nymphaea stellata vulgaris Casp.

'''Synonyms of Nymphaea nouchali var. nouchali'''

Castalia acutiloba (DC.) Hand.-Mazz.

Castalia stellaris Salisb.

Castalia stellata (Willd.) Blume

Leuconymphaea stellata (Willd.) Kuntze

Nymphaea acutiloba DC.

Nymphaea cahlara Donn

Nymphaea cyanea Roxb. ex G.Don

Nymphaea henkeliana Rehnelt

Nymphaea hookeriana Lehm.

Nymphaea membranacea Wall. ex Casp.

Nymphaea nouchali var. cyanea (Roxb. ex G.Don) M.R.Almeida

Nymphaea punctata Edgew.

Nymphaea rhodantha Lehm.

Nymphaea stellata Willd.

Nymphaea stellata var. albiflora Lovassy

Nymphaea stellata var. cyanea (Roxb. ex G.Don) Hook.f. & Thomson

Nymphaea stellata var. parviflora Hook.f. & Thomson

Nymphaea sumatrana Miq.

Nymphaea voalefoka Lat.-Marl.

'''Synonyms of Nymphaea nouchali var. ovalifolia (Conard) Verdc.'''

Nymphaea ovalifolia Conard

Nymphaea vernayi Bremek. & Oberm.

'''Synonyms of Nymphaea nouchali var. petersiana (Klotzsch) Verdc.'''

Nymphaea petersiana Klotzsch

Nymphaea calophylla Gilg

'''Synonyms of Nymphaea nouchali var. versicolor (Sims) Guruge & Yakand.'''

Castalia versicolor (Sims) Tratt.

Nymphaea stellata var. versicolor (Sims) Hook.f. & Thomson

Nymphaea versicolor Sims

Nymphaea malabarica Poir.

'''Synonyms of Nymphaea nouchali var. zanzibariensis (Casp.) Verdc.'''

Castalia zanzibarensis (Casp.) Britton

Leuconymphaea zanzibariensis (Casp.) Kuntze

Nymphaea caerulea subsp. zanzibariensis (Casp.) S.W.L.Jacobs

Nymphaea capensis var. zanzibariensis (Casp.) Conard

Nymphaea stellata var. zanzibariensis (Casp.) Hook.f.

Nymphaea zanzibariensis Casp.

Nymphaea capensis f. rosea Conard

Nymphaea colorata Peter

Nymphaea colorata var. parviflora Peter

Nymphaea grandiflora Peter

Nymphaea polychroma Peter

Nymphaea purpurascens Peter

Nymphaea zanzibariensis var. azurea Lovassy

Nymphaea zanzibariensis var. pallida Peter

Nymphaea zanzibariensis var. rosea Lovassy

Nymphaea zanzibariensis var. rubra Lovassy

Nymphaea zanzibariensis var. violacea Lovassy

Natural hybridisation
Together with Nymphaea micrantha, Nymphaea nouchali var. caerulea forms the natural hybrid Nymphaea × daubenyana native to Chad.

Cytology
The chromosome count is n = 38 or n = 42. The genome size is 1193.16 Mb.

Symbolism
N. nouchali is the national flower of Bangladesh. A pale blue-flowered N. nouchali is the national flower of Sri Lanka, where it is known as nil mānel or nil mahanel (නිල් මානෙල්).

In Sri Lanka, this plant usually grows in buffalo ponds and natural wetlands. Its beautiful aquatic flower has been mentioned in Sanskrit, Pali, and Sinhala literary works since ancient times under the names kuvalaya, indhīwara, niluppala, nilothpala, and nilupul as a symbol of virtue, discipline, and purity. Buddhist lore in Sri Lanka claims that this flower was one of the 108 auspicious signs found on Prince Siddhartha's footprint. It is said that when Buddha died, lotus flowers blossomed everywhere he had walked in his lifetime.

Claire Waight Keller included the plant to represent Bangladesh and Sri Lanka in Meghan Markle's wedding veil, which included the distinctive flora of each Commonwealth country.

N. nouchali might have been one of the plants eaten by the Lotophagi of Homer's Odyssey.

Uses
N. nouchali is used as an ornamental plant because of its spectacular flowers, and is most commonly used for the traditional and cultural festivals in Sri Lanka. It is also popular as an aquarium plant under the name "dwarf lily" or "dwarf red lily". Sometimes, it is grown for its flowers, while other aquarists prefer to trim the lily pads, and just have the underwater foliage.

N. nouchali is considered a medicinal plant in Indian Ayurvedic medicine under the name ambal; it was mainly used to treat indigestion.

Like all water lilies, its pear-shaped, brown cottony-covered, potato-sized rhizomes, leaves and most of the plant are poisonous, and contain an alkaloid called nupharin. Unlike European species, this can (and must) be neutralised in the rhizomes of this species by boiling. In India these have been eaten as a famine food or as a medicinal. In Vietnam it was eaten roasted. In Sri Lanka it was formerly eaten as a type of medicine and its price was too high to serve as a normal meal, but in the 1940s some villagers began to cultivate the water lilies in the paddy fields left uncultivated during the monsoon season (Yala season), and the price dropped. It is eaten boiled and in curries. The tubers of this species are completely edible, during the dry season they consist almost entirely of starch, and were eaten in West Africa, usually boiled or roasted.

The dried plant is collected from ponds, tanks, and marshes during the dry season and used in India as animal forage.