Operation Mo

Operation Mo (MO作戦) or the Port Moresby Operation was a Japanese plan to take control of the Australian Territory of New Guinea during World War II as well as other locations in the South Pacific. The goal was to isolate Australia and New Zealand from the Allied United States.

The plan was developed by the Imperial Japanese Navy and supported by Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, the commander-in-chief of the Combined Fleet, but the operation was eventually abandoned.

Background
When the Japanese Navy was planning the New Guinea Campaign (air strikes against Lae and Salamaua, disembarkation in Huon Gulf, New Britain (Rabaul), New Ireland (Kavieng), Finch Harbor (also called Finschhafen), and the capture of Morobe and Buna), strategists envisioned those territories as support points to implement the capture of Port Moresby. The implementation of these operations was assigned to the Japanese Naval task force led by Admiral Chūichi Nagumo, after completing the Java campaign. Another important step was the occupation of Christmas Island to the south of Java. The Japanese Navy General Staff had been considering Operation Mo since 1938, as a step in the consolidation of the Southern Seas areas in the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere (大東亜共栄圏).

Strategy
The Directive of Operation Mo was conceived in 1938, but with no specific time for its execution, pending earlier successes in the southern area during the first and second phases of the conquest.

In April 1942, the operation was organized into four large actions and was approved by the Army and Navy General Staffs:


 * On 3 May, the Light Task Force occupied the port of Tulagi, near Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands, to establish a seaplane base and a base for operations in the Coral Sea area. The same force was to take Nauru and Banaba (Ocean Island) for their valuable phosphate deposits.
 * The South Seas Detachment was to disembark in Port Moresby on 10 May, with another force occupying territory in the Louisiade Archipelago for another seaplane base.
 * Another objective of the South Sea Detachment was Operation FS, the assault on New Caledonia, Fiji, and Samoa. IGHQ assigned a new double objective: capture and secure Port Moresby, in cooperation with the Navy; and seize strategic points of opportunity in eastern New Guinea.
 * Another important Naval force, departing from Truk, was to pass the Eastern Solomons area to the south, finally advancing toward the west in order to intercept the enemy. Following this, strikes were planned on the coastal cities of Coen, Cooktown and Townsville in Queensland, which were terminal points in the supply line between the United States and Australia. The final object was Thursday Island to the north of Cape York.
 * The Japanese had one Air Naval land-based fleet detached in Rabaul, Lae, Salamaua and Buna. This Air fleet executed the air strikes against Port Moresby on 5 May and 6 May, in preparation for the Japanese landing on 7 May.

Japanese planners took into account an Allied response to the operation by detaching one task force to the west of parallel between of Rennel and Deboyne Islands and another to the east of same point. These measures would permit a Japanese invasion force to use the Jomard Passage directly to Port Moresby. Japanese naval intelligence also suspected the presence of the American aircraft carrier USS Yorktown (CV-5) in Coral Sea waters during this period.

A Japanese message on 9 April 1942 indicated that the "RZP Campaign" against Port Moresby was to be an invasion, not an air raid, and which would isolate Australia from America. USN codebreaker Rudy Fabian at FRUMEL briefed MacArthur who was "incredulous" as he expected the target would be New Caledonia, so Fabian explained the (JN-25) code-breaking process and showed him the Japanese commander’s intercepted message with the objectives to restrict enemy fleet movements and attack the north coast of Australia. So a transport due to leave the next day for New Caledonia was sent to Port Moresby. On 23 April Fabian showed MacArthur that the IJN was amassing a large force at Truk, and planned to occupy Tulagi also. MacArthur got an Australian reconnaissance plane to "discover" the Port Moresby invasion force on 5 May, leading to the Battle of the Coral Sea (see Central Bureau).

Order of battle
The Tulagi assault force, led by Rear Admiral Kiyohide Shima, was composed of the following units:
 * Minelayer-cruiser JAPANESE MINELAYER Okinoshima
 * Seaplane tender JAPANESE SEAPLANE TENDER Kiyokawa Maru
 * Destroyers JAPANESE DESTROYER Kikuzuki, JAPANESE DESTROYER Minazuki, JAPANESE DESTROYER Mochizuki and JAPANESE DESTROYER Yūzuki
 * two transports
 * smaller support vessels

The Port Moresby occupation force, led by Rear Admiral Sadamichi Kajioka, was composed of the following units:
 * Light cruiser JAPANESE CRUISER Yūbari
 * Destroyers JAPANESE DESTROYER Mutsuki, JAPANESE DESTROYER Yayoi, JAPANESE DESTROYER Uzuki, JAPANESE DESTROYER Asanagi, JAPANESE DESTROYER Oite and JAPANESE DESTROYER Yūnagi
 * Minelayers and sea patrol vessels
 * Seaplane tender JAPANESE SEAPLANE TENDER Kamikawa Maru
 * Minelayer JAPANESE MINELAYER Tsugaru

Supporting these operations and intercepting any Allied interference, Rear Admiral Aritomo Goto commanded:
 * Light carrier JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Shōhō
 * Heavy cruisers JAPANESE CRUISER Aoba, JAPANESE CRUISER Kinugasa, JAPANESE CRUISER Kako and JAPANESE CRUISER Furutaka
 * Light cruisers JAPANESE CRUISER Tenryū, JAPANESE CRUISER Tatsuta
 * Destroyer JAPANESE DESTROYER Sazanami

During the course of operation, Yamamoto sent the following heavy support force from Truk, led by Rear Admiral Chuichi Hara:


 * Fleet carriers JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Shōkaku and JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Zuikaku
 * Heavy cruisers JAPANESE CRUISER Myōkō and JAPANESE CRUISER Haguro
 * Destroyers JAPANESE DESTROYER Asashio, JAPANESE DESTROYER Arashio, JAPANESE DESTROYER Arare, JAPANESE DESTROYER Kagerō, JAPANESE DESTROYER Shiranui and JAPANESE DESTROYER Kasumi
 * Auxiliary vessels

Supporting this force was the 25th Air Fleet, (Yokohama Air Corps) led by Rear Admiral Sadayoshi Yamada, based in Rabaul, Lae, Salamaua, Buna and Deboyne Islands, composed of 60 Mitsubishi A6M "Zero" fighters, 48 Mitsubishi G3M "Nell" and 26 Aichi E13A "Jake" and Mitsubishi F1M "Pete" reconnaissance seaplanes. This unit bombed Port Moresby on 5–6 May, ahead of the Japanese Army-Navy landing on 7 May.

Execution
The Tulagi assault force began their landings on Tulagi on 3 May. On 4 May 1942, troopships bearing the South Seas Detachment set sail southward from Rabaul for Port Moresby. This same day US aircraft from Yorktown attacked the Tulagi assault force, inflicting heavy damage, but were unsuccessful in preventing the occupation of Tulagi, Gavutu, and Tanambogo islands.

Three days later, as a naval engagement appeared to be brewing in the Coral Sea, the Japanese Moresby transports immediately veered back to the north, in order to avoid combat. The resulting Battle of the Coral Sea inflicted significant aircraft losses on the Fourth Fleet, Shōhō was sunk, and Shōkaku was damaged. Air groups from the two carriers, including the relatively undamaged Zuikaku, suffered such sizable losses, it was necessary they return to Japan to re-equip and train. The Japanese abandoned their plans to land the South Seas Detachment directly at Port Moresby from the sea. The Japanese Army was making new preparations for combat when, on 11 July, High Command ordered the suspension of Operation FS the projected actions against New Caledonia, Fiji, and Samoa, after the remaining Japanese carrier strength was destroyed at the Battle of Midway.

These battles prevented the Japanese landings against Port Moresby. Instead the Japanese army commenced an ultimately unsuccessful campaign to take Port Moresby with an overland approach across the Owen Stanley Range via the Kokoda Track.