Ophicleide

The ophicleide is a family of conical-bore keyed brass instruments invented in early 19th-century France to extend the keyed bugle into the alto, bass and contrabass ranges. Of these, the bass ophicleide in C or B♭ took root over the course of the 19th century in military bands and as the bass of orchestral brass sections throughout Western Europe, replacing the serpent and its later upright derivatives. By the end of the 19th century however, it had been largely superseded by early forms of the modern tuba, developed from valved ophicleides.

Etymology
The instrument's name comes from the Greek words ὄφις (ophis, ) and κλείς (kleis, ), since it was conceived of as a serpent with keys.

History
The ophicleide was patented in 1821 by French instrument maker Jean Hilaire Asté (operating as Halary) as a set of instruments to extend the keyed bugle into lower registers. The patent originally included the alto or quinticlave built in 6-foot F or E♭, and the bass ophicleide in 8-foot C or B♭. The alto was always a rare instrument, only appearing in military bands for a time, before being superseded by valved instruments.

A very rare contrabass in 12-foot F or E♭, sometimes known as the monstre, was commissioned in 1834 for Mendelssohn's oratorio Elijah. Only three non-playable instruments survive in museums; the only known playable instrument is a replica built in the 1960s by Californian instrument maker Robb Stewart. Adolphe Sax built examples of a soprano ophicleide an octave above the bass in the 1840s, and playable replicas have also been built by Stewart.

It was the bass ophicleide that became the bass of the brass section of the early Romantic orchestra (with the exception of the symphonic tradition in German-speaking countries), replacing the Renaissance-era serpent and its later upright derivatives. The bass ophicleide first appeared in the banda (stage band) of the opera Olimpie by Gaspare Spontini in 1819. Other famous works which employ it include Felix Mendelssohn's Elijah and Overture to A Midsummer Night's Dream (originally scored for English bass horn), as well as Berlioz's Symphonie Fantastique, which was originally scored to include both an ophicleide and a serpent. Today, it is often replaced with two tubas in modern orchestral performances, but some writers believe the original effect is lost; the tubas are too loud for the intended sound.

The instrument was standard in French mid-19th century serious operas by Meyerbeer, Halevy, and Auber, as well as English operas by Michael Balfe, Vincent Wallace, and others. Italian opera composer Giuseppe Verdi scored for either serpentone or cimbasso in his early operas, but parts were often played on the ophicleide until the appearance of the trombone basso Verdi in the late 1880s. Composers Saverio Mercadante and Richard Wagner also composed for the ophicleide, before switching to the bass tuba or contrabass trombone. Sir Arthur Sullivan included ophicleide in his Overture Di Ballo (which, like Wagner's opera Rienzi, also has an additional part for serpent).

The ophicleide (Portuguese: oficleide) was used in Brazilian choro bands well into the 20th century until it was superseded by the saxophone. pt:Irineu de Almeida was a major soloist on the instrument.

A revival of interest in the instrument took place in Britain the late 20th century, beginning with David Rycroft in 1965 and further involving players Alan Lumsden, Stephen Wick and Cliff Bevan, who were also involved in reviving the serpent. In the early 2000s the London Ophicleide Ensemble was established. Australian trombonist Nick Byrne has commissioned and recorded works for the ophicleide, including a concerto by American composer William Perry. Titled Brass From the Past, it was premiered in 2012 and later recorded by Naxos Records with Byrne as soloist.

Construction
The ophicleide's tubing has a similar length and arrangement as that of the upright serpents that preceded it, bending back on itself in a similar manner to the bassoon. It is played with a cup-shaped mouthpiece similar to a modern trombone or euphonium mouthpiece. It originally had nine keys, but later expanded to up to eleven keys with twelve holes (double hole for the E), covering the large tone holes. The taper of the ophicleide's wide conical bore is similar to a saxophone of comparable range, with only a modest bell flare compared to other brass instruments.

Later in the 19th century, soon after the invention of brass instrument valves, instruments with the same overall layout but replacing keys with valves appeared. These instruments were called valved ophicleides (German: Ventilophikleide; French: ophicléide à piston).

Use
The ophicleide was eventually succeeded by the tuba, although it remained popular in Italy until the early twentieth century. The euphonium can also be called a successor instrument. One of the last great ophicleide players was the English musician Sam Hughes.

There have been claims that the instrument was a direct ancestor of the saxophone: supposedly Adolphe Sax, while repairing an ophicleide, put a woodwind mouthpiece on the instrument and liked the sound, allegedly leading Sax to design and create a purpose-built instrument. However, this story is not considered plausible, since the developmental history of the saxophone is well documented and the ophicleide and saxophone are only superficially similar to each other in that both have a wide conical bore and large tone holes.

A powerful bass reed organ stop is named after the ophicleide.

Playing
The ophicleide, like the keyed bugle (the soprano member of its 'family'), has a fingering system like no other wind instrument. All keys except one are normally closed, opening only when a finger presses the associated key lever. Just below the bell is the largest of the key-covered tone holes, which is normally open, closing only when the lever is pressed. This normally open tone hole is the acoustic bell, with the bell itself having little effect on sound or pitch.

The sound produced with no key levers pressed is the nominal pitch of the instrument. If the player presses the lever for this normally open tone hole, that hole is closed and the now-longer air column extends past this hole up to the bell, lowering the pitch by one half step.

In general, the player can obtain all the "partial" pitches available for a given air column length. To play a higher series of partials, they open one of the normally closed tone holes, effectively making that hole the "bell" of the instrument, with a corresponding shorter air column and higher series of pitches.

The left hand controls three such tone holes plus the normally open one below the bell. Pitches in the upper and middle range of the instrument can be obtained by using only the left hand's set of tone holes, and the right hand can hold and stabilize the instrument.

At the point where the air column is shortened by opening all of the left hand tone holes, there comes a difficult couple of notes that can best be played by continuing to shorten the air column with two fingers of the right hand, before the series of partials "wraps" and the left hand is used again for another set of notes.

In the lowest octave, some pitches cannot be obtained very well using the holes closer to the bell. For these notes, the other fingers of the right hand can open a few more tone holes that are relatively closer to the mouthpiece than to the bell. Some instruments were made with between one and three extra right hand keys to provide better intonation for specific notes in this register. The right hand keys may also be used in the upper registers as alternate fingerings to facilitate faster passages or to improve intonation.

With the exception of these special few pitches in the low octave, the combinations of partials on various sets of opened tone holes results in the left hand fingers going through something very similar to what they would be doing to manipulate the valves on a modern brass instrument.