Pōhutukawa Coast

The Pōhutukawa Coast is an area of the Auckland Region in New Zealand. The area covers townships south of the Tāmaki Strait: Whitford, Beachlands, Maraetai and Umupuia. The area was traditionally known as Maraetai, and is within the rohe of Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki. In the 1920s, seasonal holiday communities developed in the area, which became permanent residential towns by the 1950s.

Definition and etymology


The Pōhutukawa Coast includes the towns of Whitford, Beachlands, Maraetai and Umupuia, and includes the Whakakaiwhara Peninsula, the location of Duder Regional Park. Kawakawa Bay is occasionally included in the definition, and sometimes locations as far as the Firth of Thames, such as Ōrere Point and Tāpapakanga Regional Park.

One of the earliest uses of the name Pōhutukawa Coast was when the Maraetai community newsletter, the Town Crier, rebranded as the newspaper the Pohutukawa Coast Times in August 1992. This was joined in July 2002 when the Whitford Rotary Club was renamed the Pohutukawa Coast Rotary, and the Pohutukawa Coast Community Association, which formed in October 2004. The coast is named after the pōhutukawa found along the coastline.

Geography
The Pōhutukawa Coast is primarily formed from Jurassic age Waipapa Group greywacke, as well as Holocene alluvial deposits. The coast borders the Tāmaki Strait, an area of the Hauraki Gulf sheltered by Waiheke and Ponui islands. Motukaraka Island is a flat topped island 500 metres off the coast from Beachlands. It is composed of Waitemata sandstone, and formed between one and two million years ago as a section of a river valley. The flat top of the island is an uplifted terrace which has undergone intertidal erosion.

Three estuarine drowned river valleys can be found to the west of the coast, the Mangemangeroa Creek, Tūranga Creek and Waikopua Creek. These three estuaries are major habitats for migratory and native New Zealand birdlife.

The east coast is the Whakakaiwhara Peninsula, which is the location of Duder Regional Park. Prior to human settlement, the Whakakaiwhara Peninsula was heavily forested with Beilschmiedia tawa, Beilschmiedia tarairi (taraire), pūriri, karaka and kauri trees.

Māori history


The Pōhutukawa Coast was visited by the Tainui migratory waka around the year 1300. The waka landed at Tūranga Creek, tethered to a volcanic rock in the shape of a man. This gave rise to the name of the creek, which means "Anchorage". Tainui followers of Manawatere, who identified as Ngā Oho, decided to settle the area between the Pōhutukawa Coast and Tūwakamana (Cockle Bay). Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki, the mana whenua of the area, descend from these early settlers. Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki traditional stories talk about the land already being occupied by the supernatural Tūrehu people, and many place names in the area reference Tūrehu figures, such as Hinerangi and Manawatere.

The name Maraetai is a traditional name for the Tāmaki Strait, meaning "Marae Enclosed by the Tides", referring to how the sheltered ocean of the strait acted like a flat marae ātea (marae entrance courtyard). The name traditionally referred to the wider area between Motukaraka Island and the Wairoa River. Tūranga is the traditional name for the wider area around Whitford and the Tūranga Creek. Ngāi Tai people lived in seasonal encampments between the Tāmaki River and Wairoa River, collecting seafood resources, cultivating crops such as kūmara and taro, snaring birds and processing karaka berries.

By the 1600s, Whakakaiwhara Pā and Te Oue Pā to the south of the Whakakaiwhara Peninsula were focal points of Ngāi Tai life, where the rangatira of the iwi were based. By the 1800s, after European contact, the rangatira of Ngāi Tai were based at Umupuia (Duders Beach). During the 1820s, most members of Ngāi Tai fled to the Waikato due to the threats of the Musket Wars, however by the 1830s many had returned.

Early European history


English Missionary William Thomas Fairburn first visited the area in 1833. In 1836, Fairburn brokered a land sale between Tāmaki Māori chiefs, Pōtatau Te Wherowhero and Turia of Ngāti Te Rau, covering the majority of modern-day South Auckland, East Auckland and the Pōhutukawa Coast. The sale was envisioned as a way to end hostilities in the area, but it is unclear what the chiefs understood or consented to. Māori continued to live in the area, unchanged by this sale.

Fairburn established the Maraetai Mission Station in 1837, where he taught reading, writing and spread Christianity among Ngāi Tai and Ngāti Pāoa. Fairburn resigned from the mission in 1841, and the mission continued on Wiremu Hoete, until late 1843. Many Ngāi Tai and Ngāti Pāoa lived at the mission, and the farm surrounding the mission became one of the first farms in Auckland. Fairburn's Purchase was investigated by the New Zealand Land Commission in 1841 and 1842 and found to be excessive and reduced in size. The disallowed parts of his purchase were not returned to Ngāi Tai, however in 1854 a reserve was created for Ngāi Tai between the eastern shores of the Wairoa River and Umupuia. As a part of this arrangement, Ngāi Tai agreed not to settle elsewhere in the region, which meant that Ngāi Tai's tradition of seasonal settlement could not be continued.

The first European settlers arrived in the area in the 1840s and 1850s. In 1842, Ngeungeu, daughter of the Ngāi Tai chief Tara Te Irirangi, moved back to Umupuia with her family, after her husband, Scottish mariner Thomas Maxwell in the Bay of Islands, died. In September 1863 during the Invasion of the Waikato, the Ngāi Tai village of Ōtau near Clevedon was attacked by the British army, and the village was evacuated, living in communities at the river's mouth. For the remainder of the war, Ngāi Tai were designated as a "friendly" people by the Crown, and remained neutral in the fighting. After the Native Lands Act of 1865, the Native Land Court confiscated many Ngāi Tai lands. The remaining land was individuated, slowly sold on to European farmers.

The first local government in the area was the Turanga Highway District, which began operating in 1866 around Whitford, followed by the Maraetai Highway District in 1875. From 1869 until the 1920s, the Nathan family at Whitford operated a large ostrich farm. Other farms grew oats, hay, wheat, potatoes for the Auckland market, and other industries developed, including brickworks and mines.

Ngāi Tai focused life at Umupuia for the 19th Century, where a flax mill existed. In the early 20th century, a fire burnt down the mill and the meeting house, Hārata Kīngi.

Urban development


By the early 20th Century, the Pōhutukawa Coast had become a popular spot for picnics and camping. Beachlands and Maraetai were subdivided in the 1920s, growing into holiday communities. In 1929, the first bus service began, linking Maraetai, Beachlands and Whitford to Auckland. From the 1950s to the early 1970s, Beachlands and Maraetai grew significantly, transitioning from seasonal holiday towns to permanent residential communities.

The Pine Harbour marina was constructed in 1988, becoming a major transport hub for the area, linking the Pōhutukawa Coast to Auckland by ferry. The Umupuia Marae was officially reopened in November 1990, and in 1997 the Formosa Golf Club opened.

Between 2017 and the 2030s, the Pōhutukawa Coast Trail, a series of walking tracks linking the communities of the Pōhutukawa Coast, will be constructed. In 2022, residents of the Pōhutukawa Coast petitioned the government to build a high school for the area.

Demographics
 Pōhutukawa Coast covers 79.32 km2 and had an estimated population of  as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Pōhutukawa Coast had a population of 9,774 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 1,833 people (23.1%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 3,387 people (53.0%) since the 2006 census. There were 3,261 households, comprising 4,893 males and 4,881 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.0 males per female, with 2,235 people (22.9%) aged under 15 years, 1,509 (15.4%) aged 15 to 29, 4,830 (49.4%) aged 30 to 64, and 1,191 (12.2%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 91.8% European/Pākehā, 9.0% Māori, 2.5% Pasifika, 5.1% Asian, and 2.1% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 30.9, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 54.7% had no religion, 35.6% were Christian, 0.3% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.4% were Hindu, 0.3% were Muslim, 0.4% were Buddhist and 1.7% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 1,968 (26.1%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 849 (11.3%) people had no formal qualifications. 2,562 people (34.0%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 4,332 (57.5%) people were employed full-time, 1,176 (15.6%) were part-time, and 195 (2.6%) were unemployed.



Education
Beachlands School is a coeducational full primary school (years 1–8) with a roll of as of  Maraetai Beach School is a coeducational full primary school (years 1–8) with a roll of  as of

There are no colleges for students aged 13–18 in the area but there are free buses providing access to schools such as Howick College and Botany Downs Secondary College as well as special character schools such as Elim Christian College, Sancta Maria College, Saint Kentigern College and Star of the Sea primary school.

Local government
The first local government in the area was the Turanga Highway District, which was designated in 1865 and began operating in 1866. Around Beachlands and Maraetai, the Maraetai Highway Board was first designated in 1867 and began operating in 1875. The Maraetai Road Board was absorbed into the Manukau County in 1914, followed by Turanga in 1917. On 22 November 1954, Beachlands was established as a county town within the Manukau County, followed by Maraetai on 1 April 1962. All areas of the Pōhutukawa Coast were merged into Manukau City in 1965. In November 2010, all cities and districts of the Auckland Region were amalgamated into a single body, governed by the Auckland Council.

The Pōhutukawa Coast is part of the Franklin local board area, who elects members of the Franklin Local Board. Residents of Whitford also elect the Franklin ward councillor, who sits on the Auckland Council.