PICA200

PICA200 is a graphics processing unit (GPU) designed by Digital Media Professionals Inc. (DMP), a Japanese GPU design startup company, for use in embedded devices such as vehicle systems, mobile phones, cameras, and game consoles. The PICA200 is an IP Core which can be licensed to other companies to incorporate into their SOCs. It was most notably licensed for use in the Nintendo 3DS.

It was announced at SIGGRAPH 2005, and an operational demo, "Mikage", was presented in collaboration with Futuremark at SIGGRAPH 2006.

Overview
The PICA200 is the successor to the ULTRAY2000, a proof of concept graphics workstation presented at SIGGRAPH 2005, created with the goal of testing DMP's attempts at a low power fixed-function "MAESTRO" GPU architecture.

The PICA200 implements the "MAESTRO-2G" architecture and supports programmable vertex shaders and geometry shaders, with a fixed-function fragment stage. It is advertised as supporting OpenGL ES 1.1 with certain proprietary extensions.

The PICA200 has up to 4 programmable vertex processors which can work in parallel. One of those processors, the "primitive engine", can be used as either vertex processor or a geometry processor.

Some MAESTRO-2G extensions include, per-pixel lighting (where the lighting is calculated per pixel instead of per vertex), procedural texture generation, bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF), Cook-Torrance specular highlights, polygon subdivision (through geometry shaders), soft shadow projection, and fake subsurface scattering (similar to two-sided lighting).

Applications
The PICA200 is used as the GPU for the Nintendo 3DS portable handheld game console.

Specification

 * Manufacturing process: 65 nm
 * Maximum clock frequency 400 MHz
 * Pixel performance (theoretical):
 * 400 Megapixel/s @100 MHz
 * 800 Megapixel/s @200 MHz
 * Vertex performance (theoretical):
 * 40Mtriangle/s @100 MHz
 * 15.3Mpolygon/s @200 MHz
 * Power consumption: 0.5-1.0 mW/MHz
 * Frame Buffer max. 4095×4095 pixels
 * Supported pixel formats: RGBA4444, RGB565, RGBA5551, RGBA8888
 * Vertex program (ARB_vertex_program)
 * Render to Texture
 * Hardware Transform and Lighting(T&L)
 * MipMap
 * Bilinear texture filtering
 * Alpha blending
 * Full-scene anti-aliasing (2×2)
 * Phong Shading
 * Cel Shading
 * Perspective-Correct Texture Mapping
 * Dot3 Bump Mapping/Normal Mapping.
 * Shadow Mapping
 * Shadow Volumes
 * Self-Shadowing
 * Lightmapping
 * Environment Mapping/Reflection Mapping
 * Volumetric Fog
 * Post-processing effects like motion, bloom, depth of field, HDR rendering, gamma correction
 * Polygon offset
 * Depth Test, Stencil Test, Alpha Test.
 * Clipping, Culling
 * 8-bit stencil buffer
 * 24-bit depth buffer
 * Single/Double/Triple buffer
 * 5-Stage TEV Pipeline
 * TEV Combiner Buffer(Only the first four TEV stages can write to the combiner buffer)
 * Color Combiners, Alpha Combiners, Texture Combiners.
 * DMP's MAESTRO-2G technology:
 * per-pixel lighting
 * fake sub-surface scattering
 * procedural texture
 * refraction mapping
 * subdivision primitive
 * shadow
 * gaseous object rendering
 * bidirectional reflectance distribution function
 * Cook-Torrance Model
 * polygon subdivision
 * soft shadowing