Patsho Khiamniungan

Patsho Khiamniungan is a language spoken in Noklak district in the state of Nagaland, India. The language is gradually refining and grammatical development is underway.

Alphabet
The Patsho Khiamniungan alphabet consists of the following letters:

This makes for 27 letters in Patsho Khiamniungan.

Background
Patsho is a language spoken in eastern part of Nagaland state and also refers to the people living under Noklak district in India. Above all, it is a village with one of the highest number of Population in the region. Sometimes, it refers to Patsho speaking group of people who are native to and belong to Patsho Village.

Typology
Patsho Khiamniungan is related to sino-Tibetan and is a compound of two words. Patsho is a village in Nagaland and Khiamniungan refers to one of the major tribes in Nagaland.

Phonology
The phonological inventory of Patsho Khiamniungan is as follows.

Phonemic tones
There are four phonemic tones in Patsho,


 * high level /55/
 * mid level /33/
 * high falling /52/
 * low /31/

Diphthongs
Patsho Khiamniungan has the following Diphthongs:

Triphthongs
Patsho Khiamniungan has the following triphthongs:
 * iai, as in hiai,
 * iau as in hiauh, kiau,
 * uai, as in huai,kuai,
 * uau, as in liuau,
 * uou, as in Tiuou,
 * oua, as in touap,

Case marking
1sg.ABS go.away-INF NEG-be.able-RSMPT-IRR
 * èi sōih-à  jǖ-shíu-shī-ê.

‘I won’t be able to go away again.’

(AC4-20170109_KIX1-002)


 * ngǖ-ōh yôh  nǜ  hâkūtî  vâuh  tèu-nyê.

1SG-ERG pig DEM large rear keep-REAL

I am rearing a large pig

(AC4-20050127_KIX1_001)


 * nyǖ-ōh ātsòu  èi  jūa-ê  tə)náihtǖ,

2SG-ERG really 1SG.ABS call-IRR COND

nyǖ-ōh ā-jāmsǖkōuh  mèi-kǖ ā-hīe.

2SG-ERG  2SG.POSS-household good-SIM IMP-make

If you really plan to call me (to marry), then you set your

Conjugation
The verbs are not conjugated as in languages such as English and French by changing the desinence of words, but the tense (in a sentence) is clarified by the aspect and the addition of some particles, such as For example: Ei phu-e/I will come For example: Ei khu nye/I went For example: Lü khushi/go again(lü-imperative prefix/mood)(authoritative command) For example: Nyü khu/Don't go For example: Nyü vei-ie/Don't fight
 * -e (Irrealis mood suffix -encoding a hypothetical or predicted situation. ),
 * nye (Realis mood - used to encode actualized events and states),
 * -shī (resumptive aspect-nominal suffix),
 * nyü (Prohibitive mood),
 * ie (nominal suffix. reciprocal suffix),

Pluralisation
Nouns are pluralized by suffixing -hoi, for example:

Negation
For declarative sentences, negation is achieved by adding the particle jü (not) in the middle of a sentence. For example,

Replication and transfer(cognitive schemas)
(1). kana hik-i-bole   song  learn-EP-INF6
 * “Standard” Nagamese (Indo-Aryan):

‘to learn a song’

tsūihāng līam-ā song   search-INF
 * Patsho Khiamniungan (Konyakian):

‘to learn a song’

kana pisar-i-bole song  search-EP-INF
 * Nagamese of Patsho Khiamniungan speakersː

‘to learn a song

(2)


 * Mongsen Ao (Indo-Burmic):

tāŋ%āɹ tʃū  nə)  tə)-pāʔ khə)  tə)-jā   nə)t   other DIST AGT RL-father  CONJ RL-mother two   tāŋ   tʃū  nə)  wā-ə+ɹ,  SIDE  DIST ALL go-SEQ

‘Others went to the mother and father,…’

(lit. to the mother and father’s side),                (Coupe 2017, p. 290)


 * Patsho Khiamniungan (Konyakian):

lōhō mīe-nyù  nǖ tōŋ-lè  khù-shī-nyè. again girl-F DEM SIDE-LOC go-RPET-REAL

‘Again he went to the girl.’ (lit. … to the girl’s side’)

Syntax
Patsho Khiamniungan is an SOV language with postpositions. Adjectives, numerals and demonstratives comes after the nouns they modify, whilst relative clauses may be either externally or internally headed. Interrogative such as ateitsoh? appears after the noun or subject but the word mou? usually comes at the end, transforming the sentence into question.

Kheunyoh ateitsoh ki je kouni?
 * Example of interrogative?

How many of you lives here?

Nyo-oh Khünu hau chai nü kiuh va mou?

Did you give the money to Khünu?

Jüsa jamkheu ko kheunyoh müngou je.
 * Example of numeral

There are five siblings in our family.

Jam nong le haküti.
 * Example of adjective

Haküti le jam no.

This house is very big?

Miesheu Lamnyu lahküti je.

Lahküti je Lamnyu to.

Miss Lamnyu is very tall.

Demonstratives seems to appear either before noun or after, shown by the example given below. Jünou je nong ni.
 * Example of demonstrative

Nong ni jünou je.

This is my sister.

Language development
Orthography which is in Latin script has been written and published for language development and preservation for cultural identity. Along with other pedagogical materials and dictionary for the oral language.

Writing system
Patsho Khiamniungan is written in Latin script with twenty seven letters, while some of them are combined to form one letter, for example t, s, and h are different and separate letters, but tsh is one letter, found in (among others) the word Patsho.

Sample texts
The following is a sample text in Patsho Khiamniungan of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: or